• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.161-168
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• 2006

To investigate the origin of backyeoncho (Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten), we isolated 685 bp clone using ITS primer pairs. The rDNA consists of the genes coding for the partial 54 bp 185, 162 bp 5.8S, and partial 56 bp 26S. The coding regions are interrupted by two internal transcribed spacers, 193 bp ITS1 and 220 bp ITS2. The ITS2 of backnyeoncho in length was shorter than that previously registered in Cucurbitoideae plants. The GC contents was 66.8% in ITS1, and 67.7% in ITS2. The rDNA of backnyeoncho matched to the previously reported genes and showed a high similarity with the 95% identity with Pereskiopsis porteri (L708037). In the phylogenetic analysis, the backnyeoncho rDNA was clustered with Pereskiopsis porteri (L708037).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2012

We previously reported that the truncated Cel44C-$Man26A_{P558}$ ${\beta}$-glycosyl hydrolase protein exhibits multifunctional activities, including cellulase, xylanase, and lichenase. DNA shuffling of the truncated Cel44C-$Man26A_{P558}$ enzyme was performed to enhance the enzymatic activity of the multifunctional ${\beta}$-glycosyl hydrolase. Two mutant enzymes, M2Cel44C-$Man26A_{P558}$ that carries one mutation (P438A) and M21Cel44C-$Man26A_{P558}$ that carries two mutations (A273T and P438A) were obtained. The enzymatic activity of the M21Cel44C-$Man26A_{P558}$ double mutant was lower than enzymatic activity of the single mutant (M2Cel44C-$Man26A_{P558}$). However, both mutants displayed the enhancements in their enzyme activities that were ${\approx}1.3$- to 2.2-fold higher than the original enzymatic activity in Cel44C-$Man26A_{P558}$. In particular, the mutant M2Cel44C-$Man26A_{P558}$ exhibited an approximate 1.5- to 2.2-fold increase in the cellulase, xylanase, and lichenase activities in comparison with the control (Cel44C-$Man26A_{P558}$). The optimum cellulase, linchenase, and xylanase activities of ${\beta}$-glycosyl hydrolase were observed at pH 7.0, pH 7.0 and pH 6.0, respectively. These results, therefore, suggest that the amino acid residue Ala438 plays important roles in the enhancement of the activity of multifunctional ${\beta}$-glycosyl hydrolase.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.899-904
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• 2009

We purified crude urushiol from natural lacquer produced in Korea, China, and Japan and then isolated several urushiol congeners known to induce allergic reactions. The 3 major kinds of urushiol congeners that were isolated and purified were RV-l (C$_{21}$H$_{34}$O$_2$, M.W. 314.462), RV-2 ((C$_{21}$H$_{32}$O$_2$, M.W. 316.240) and RV-3 ((C$_{23}$H$_{34}$O$_2$, M.W. 342.515), occupying 80% of total crude urushiol. The content of RV-l was the highest in natural lacquer from China at 70.07%, and was the lowest in that from Japan at 62.38%. However, the content of RV-2 in natural lacquer from Japan was 9.25%, 2$\sim$3 times higher than those from Korea (4.28%) and China (3.09%). As an allergy inducing character, RV-l had strong inducing power and durability in the primary stage, showing slow recovery. RV-2 had weak power in the primary stage and also showed slow recovery. Although RV-3 had comparatively weak power at the primary stage, it induced the strongest allergy contact dermatitis after 48 hr. However, it recovered to nearly the same level as control group 72 hr after sensitization time. Accordingly, we found out that RV-1 is the most influential of urushiol congeners in inducing allergic reactions, natural lacquer from China having the most inducible strength and slowest recovery compared to those from Korea and Japan.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.351-359
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• 2014

A beverage was produced by the fermentation of mixed extracts from the various fruits, vegetables, algae, and medical herbs. The physicochemical properties of the fermented beverage of plant extracts (FBPE) and microbial diversity were analyzed in cultures enriched from FBPE using 16S and 26S rRNA gene sequence analyses. The pH, acidity, $^{\circ}brix$, reducing sugar, and alcohol contents of the FBPE were determined to be the 3.48, 1.68%, 70.0, 1,026 g/L, and 3.5%, respectively. The most abundant free sugar and organic acid in the FBPE were glucose (567.83 g/L) and tartaric acid (93.68 mg/L), respectively. Lactobacillus homohiochii was the predominant species in all enriched culture samples: 100% of the species in 0B (0% sugar) and 40B (40% sugar) libraries and 95.6% of 20B library (20% sugar). Lactobacillus fructivorans was detected in the 20B library. The predominant species in the samples of enrichment cultures collected from FBPE with three different sugar concentrations were: Candida zeylanoides (45.2%) in the 0Y library (0% sugar), Candida lactis-condensi (35.7%) and C. zeylanoides (35.7%) in the 20Y library (20% sugar), and C. lactis-condensi (38.1%) in the 40Y library (40% sugar). This result may provide a useful frame of reference for further analyses of microbial population dynamics in FBPE.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

Purpose: Maximizing human comfort in design of medical environments depends immensely on specialized architects particularly critical care design; the study proposes Evidence-Based Design as an apparent analog to Evidence-Based Medicine. Healthcare facility designs are substantially based on the findings of study in an effort to design environments that augment care by improving patient safety and being therapeutic. On SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) t-test is applied to simulate two independent variables of PDR (Pre Design-Research) and POE (Post- Occupancy Evaluation). PDR is conducted on relatively new hospital Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital to analyse visibility from researchers' point of view, here the ICU is arranged in I-Shape. POE is applied on Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital to simulate walking on LogWare where two NS are designed based on L- Shape and Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea where five NS are functional for ICU Intensive Care Unit, Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU), Critical Care Unit (CCU), Korean Oriental Medical Care Unit which are mostly arranged in U-Shape, and walking pattern is recognized to be in a zigzag path. Method: T-Test is applied on two dependent communication variables: walkability and visibility, with confidence interval of 95%. This study systematically analyses the Nurse Station (NS) typo-morphology, and simulates nurse horizontal circulation, by computing round route visits to patient's bed, then estimating minimum round route on LogWare stop sequence software. The visual connectivity is measured on depth map graphs. Hence the aim is to reduce staff stress and fatigue for better patients care by minimizing staff horizontal travel time and to facilitate nurse walk path and support space distribution by increasing effectiveness in delivering care. Result: Applying visibility graph and isovist field on space syntax on I- Shape, L- Shape and U- Shape ICU (SICU, MICU and CCU) configuration, I-shape facilitated 20% more patients in linear view as they stir to rise from their beds from nurse station compared to U-shape. In conclusion, it was proved that U-Shape supply minimum walking and maximum visibility; and L shape provides just visibility as the nurse is at pivot. I shape provides panoramic view from the Nurse Station but very rigorous walking.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.295-303
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• 2006

To provide microbial information for the safety of agricultural production, the presence of enterotoxin genes and antibiotic susceptibility of 14 isolated Staphylococcus aureus (11.7%) strains were investigated using PCR-based methods and disk diffusion method, respectively. Among enterotoxin-encoding genes, sea was detected from two isolates (14.3%), sea and sed genes were co-detected from three isolates (21.4%), and sea, sed, and see genes in seven isolates (50.0%), whereas seb, sec, and tsst were not detected in any isolate. Nine (64.3%), eight (57.1%), six (42.9%), two (14.3%), and one (7.2%) isolates were resistant to penicillin, novobiocin, amphicillin, erythromycin and oxacillin, and doxycycline and kanamycin, respectively. Methicilline-resistant S. aureus was found in roller of B farm and in hydroponic solution of D farm.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.70-92
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• 2003

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting organizational citizenship behavior of hospital employees, and based on the investigation, to suggest some implications for effective human resources management of hospitals. For this purpose, physical therapists were selected as the subject of the research. Using their individual characteristics, job characteristics, professionalism and group cohesiveness as the variables affecting organizational citizenship behavior, an empirical model was constructed and tested. A survey was conducted through structured and self-administered questionnaire for the physical therapists working at hospitals of Busan-Kyongnam area, and data from 240 therapists were utilized in the final analysis. Major results of the empirical analysis are as follows: First, perception on professionalism and the degree of organizational citizenship behavior were higher for male, older, relatively more-educated and higher-grade employees. It is necessary to develope some measures to educate and motivate the employees who are in lower state of professionalism and organizational citizenship behavior. Second, among the individual characteristics, need for growth was found to have significant, positive influence on professionalism and group cohesiveness, but no direct effect on organizational citizenship behavior. On the other hand, extroversion had direct, positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior, as well as on professionalism and group cohesiveness. This result suggests that personnel selection and personality education should be conducted carefully. Third, job characteristics appeared to have very large, positive effect on professionalism, but not directly on organizational citizenship behavior. Fourth, professionalism was found to have very large, positive influence on group cohesiveness and direct, positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior. This implies that enhancing professionalism of physical therapists can strengthen organizational citizenship behavior in hospitals, and hence top management should actively support the programs for job re-design, skill education and quality improvement to enhance professionalism of their employees. Fifth and last, as an intervening factor, group cohesiveness appeared to have the largest, direct, positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior. It is, therefore, important for top management to improve group cohesiveness by exploring ways toward greater harmony and solidarity among the members of physical therapy department.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.721-726
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• 2015

Phellinus baumii has been used in traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of various cancer types, such as lung cancer, ovarian cancer and malignant melanoma. It has strong anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities due to its polysaccharides including glucan, schizophyllan, heteroglycan and lentinan, as well as its polyphenolics such as protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid. ${\beta}$-Glucan and polyphenolics may be the most important activ ecompounds in P. baumii. Therefore, researchers have focused on these two compounds to improve their contents in extracts. In this study, P. baumii was extracted with hot-water and ethanol at different pH conditions, and their ${\beta}$-glucan contents, antioxidant activity and antioxidant contents were determined. Extraction yield was highest for the 60% ethanol extract at pH 4. The ${\beta}$-glucan contents of the hot-water extract at pH 7 was higher than those of the ethanol extracts. The antioxidant contents and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts were higher than those of the hot-water extracts. Extraction with 60% ethanol at pH 7 was appropriate with respect to the antioxidant capacities.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.441-448
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• 2010

In present study, classification and quality control of Genus Polygonatum were developed using the isolated from Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma and Polygonati Rhizoma. 3 components were isolated from Butanol fractions of Polygonati Rhizoma, and 2 components were isolated from Hexane and Butanol fractions of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma. All the components were obtained using silica gel and ODS column chromatography. The compounds were identified as adenosine, 14-hydroxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranosyl-26-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, 22-O-methyl-14-hydrocxyfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-Dgalactopyranosyl-26-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, ${\beta}$-Sitosteryl-3-O-${\beta}$-D-D-glucopyranoside, 14-hydoxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-Dglucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-[${\beta}$-D-xylopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}3$)]-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside through physicochemical data, spectroscopic methods ($^1H$-NMR, $^{13}C$-NMR, Mass) according references. The quality control of genus Polygonatum were conducted using HPLC quantitative analysis of 14-hydroxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\beta}4$)-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranosyl-26-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, 14-hydoxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-[${\beta}$-D-xylopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}3$)]-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside in 30 samples collected throughout Korea and China. This method provided a tool for standardization of mix or misusing the commercial Odorati Rhizoma and Polygonati Rhizoma. As a result, contained quantity of 14-hydroxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranosyl-26-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside was measured $0.008{\pm}0.006%$ and 14-hydoxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-[${\beta}$-D-xylopyranosyl-(13)]-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-Dgalactopyranoside was measured $0.026{\pm}0.012%$.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.279-286
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyographic(EMG) activities of trunk and hip muscles between right and left sides while subjects performed prolonged manual task in asymmetric and symmetric weight-bearing posture. Fifteen healthy male college students were recruited for this study. The subjects were asked to perform bimanual upper extremity task for 6 minutes in two different standing postures. In the symmetric weight-bearing posture, the subjects were standing with evenly distributed body weights to both legs. In the asymmetric weight-bearing posture, the subjects distributed about 90% of their body weight onto their preferred(supporting) leg and 10% of their body weight onto the opposite leg while they were standing. EMG activities of the right and left internal oblique, erector spinae, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius were measured and normalized as % MVIC. Then the EMG data were statistically analyzed using paired t-tests. The EMG activities of all measured muscles were not significantly different between the right and left side in the symmetrical weight-bearing posture(p>0.05). However, the EMG of the supporting side internal oblique was significantly lower than the opposite side(p<0.05), and the EMG of the erector spinae, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius were significantly greater on the supporting side(p<0.05). The results of this study support that unbalanced use of right and left muscle possibly causes the changes in muscle length which results in asymmetry of trunk and hip muscles. Furthermore, the uneven weight support onto right and left legs will cause a distortion of viscoelastic ligaments around hip and sacroiliac joints in the long run. Further studies to determine the effect of various manual tasks on the trunk and hip muscles as well as the effect of asymmetrical weight-bearing standing posture on hip and back muscle fatigue may be required.