• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.31-49
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• 2009

Periodically, the Japanese Castle was created in the domestic of Japan and then 2 Invasions into Chosun was started. The Japanese Castle in the domestic of Japan was repaired several times by the building boom of castle before & after 2 invasions and so the initially-built type of castles was changed. Accordingly, there are much difficulties to understand the original shape of Japanese Castle. Through the Japanese Castle within Korea called as the fossil of Japanese Castle, I would like to examine & consider its building period and characteristics. The terminology called as [Two Side Stone's Wall] is that of castle which is not acknowledged in the Japanese Academic Circles. However, it means the two-fold wall of Japanese Castle which was widely applied to the fortification way in the Age of Japan Edo. The terminology of [Sori] says the stonework curve in the corner of Japanese Castle which is indicated best in the Japanese Castle. It calls the curve as like the fan frame. [Curb Stone's Wall] says the type of castle wall constructed with over 1 face in wall body of Japanese Castle. (1) About classifying the construction period of Japanese Castle, the curb stone's wall and the castle having no two side stone's wall must consider the building period as that of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. If there was [Sori], the two-side stone's wall was used and the place which supported the documentary data, in particular, the place having the record of contraction is considered to be confirmed as the castle constructed in the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1597. (2) The two-side-type stone's wall shown in the Modern Japanese Stone Castle is difficultly considered to be generated from the Japanese Castle at the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and in 1597. (3) The beautiful [Sori] shown in the Modern Japanese Stone Castle was started from the Japanese Castle of Korea at the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1597. It is difficultly considered which its indication was firstly generated by the Chaesung-Folded Segment Structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.9
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• pp.58-76
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• 2010

In this study, the shapes of po worn by military officers who served During the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea(1592-1598) were investigated. Findings of the study can be summarized as follows. Various types of po that military officers usually wore during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea includes jikryeong, dapho, dopo, cheolik, aekjureum, jangeui, jungchimak and bangryeongpo. Out of these types, cheolik and jungchimak were most often used by the officers. Po that were usually worn by military officers during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea as above mentioned is characterized as no difference in length between the front and back of the costume, kalgit and a pair of coat strings which are directly attached to po. The sleeves of the costume are bean chaff-shaped in some cases and just narrowly shaped in other cases. Similarly, the outer seop of po was either double-layered or single-layered. For jikryeong and dapho, mu is usually type of outside wrinkle. For dopo, its rear kit has the inner hem whose right and left edges are usually distant, respectively by 6~16cm, from the back center of the costume. Cheolik and aekjureum usually have either fine or broad pleats. For jangeui and jungchimak, mu is usually trapezoid in shape. Among various types of po which were usually worn by military officers during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea, most representative are jikryeong from the tombs of Bae Cheon jo, dapho from Shin Yeo Gwan, dopo from general Bak and Bae Cheon Jo, cheolik from Nam Yoo and Cho Gyeong, aekjureum from Shin Yeo Gwan, jangeui from Kim Ham, jungchimak from Bae Cheon jo and bangryeongpo from Cho Gyeong.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.10 no.2 s.26
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• pp.21-34
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is that it is made clear the construction method of Japanese Castle Architecture in Korea as I study the construction method of Suncheon-Japanese Castle(順天倭城) in those days of Jeong-yu Japanese Invasion. Moreover, I intend to analyze the similarity and the difference between Suncheon-Japanese Castle and Korean Castle Architecture by a comparative study. The result of the study is showed that Suncheon-Japanese Castle seemed to be built with the object of a long time stay rather than it was of strategic importance for the national defense. In addition, it was different from other Japanese Castle in Korea because the watch tower(天守閣) of it stood in the middle of stronghold and the watch tower stronghold dividing the round of it while that of it stood the comer of stronghold. The face stone used in important part of watch tower, gate, and so on was mostly a trimed hexangular stone. On the other hand, the face abbuting on the Gulf of kwang-yang was made of naturally wild face stone. The stone cleared traces of Si-hyeol(矢穴) and domestic Castle in Japan was also made of this method after Im-Jin Japanese Invasion. According to the construction method, the wall of castle made use of the Netak(內托) method except the gate, the support stronghold and the watch. The early mountain castle in Korea have this construction method in common.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.135-144
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• 2018

During the Late Joseon dynasty, abandoned mountain fortresses were urgently repaired for the operation of foothold mountain fortresses in Gyeongsang-do, during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and immediately after the Qing Invasion of Korea in 1636. Immediately after the Qing Invasion of Korea, an external fortress wall was built and added to each of Cheonsaeng Fortress and Geumo Fortress to establish a system of protecting locals inside a fortress at important locations for border defense against Japan in the Yeongnam region. Cheonseng Fortress, however, did not have sufficient geographical and protection conditions as a mountain fortress for protecting people inside it; thus, Gasan Fortress was newly built to replace Cheonsaeng Fortress. Geumo and Gasan Fortresses were used in border defense against Japan during the period from King Injo's reign to the end of Joseon Dynasty, because the fortresses served the purpose of defending Nakdonggang River and middle roads located at important roads along the border in the Yeongnam region and because it was possible to quickly repair and use their existing fortress walls and internal facilities, such as middle fortress walls and ponds, that were constructed for long-term protection of locals inside the fortress. In addition, it was found, in this study, that a continuous discussion on how to supplement fortresses led to the reinforcement and improvement of fortress facilities and fortification technology through the application of major strengths of Chinese (Ming) and Japanese fortress systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.20-35
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate war helmets that were worn by high navy officers during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea(1592~1598). War helmets worn during the War are classified into three types depending on whether they have a visor or 'cheom' and tongues or 'drim'. The war helmets of circumferential type has neither cheom nor drim. Those of cheom type has cheom, but not drim. And those of drim type has both drim and cheom or jeonbi. The war helmets of cheom type consist of a gamtu which is made of steel and looks like a reversed bowl and cheom that surrounds the entire circumference of gamtu. The war helmets of drim type are reclassified into two types in accordance with the shape of the gamtu and whether they have ganju. Of the two types, one type looks like a reversed bowl and has decorations on the top without ganju. The other type looks like a bottle neck and has ganju on the top, decorations above ganju. War helmets were in transition during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea. Both the war helmets of cheom and drim types were worn during the War. At that time, the officers also wore war helmets having no ganju and looking like a reversed bowl and those having ganju and looking like a bottle neck. During the period, most war helmets were made of steel, but in the 18th and 19th centuries, most of them were made of leather.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.43-54
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• 2013

Compared to Early Chosun Dynasty, the spatial structure of most local Eupseongs of Korea had a standardized change with the expansion and spread of the Rye-hak(禮學:a study of confucius Rite). Meanwhile in the process of rebuilding Eupseongs there was a tendency of relocation of the local government offices(官衙) and its attached facilities in terms of functions and use. Although it was PyeongSanseong Miryang Eupseong had an unreasonable spatial structure locating Gaeksa(客舍; accommodation house for visitors) in the middle of the local government office complex, and Dongheon(東軒;main office building) in the east of it before the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. However with the reorganization of spatial Structure of local Eupseongs after the Japanese invasion Gaeksa was moved to the foot of Adongsan where commanded a fine view of river. Dongheon was moved to the center of Eupseong for the effective management of its auxiliary organizations. It was because road system and administrative efficiency had a serious effect on deciding the location of the local government office and its attached facilities. After the Japanese invasion Hyangchoeng(鄕廳), having been out of Eupseong, also was moved to the independent location within Eupseong separate from Dongheon and Gaeksa. It seemed to take into account the autonomy of Hyangchoeng. Dongheon, Gaeksa, and Hyangchoeng which are the crucial facilities of Milyang Eupseong were arranged at each angular point of big triangle. In order to enhance the administative efficiency, the attached administrative facilities were arranged surrounding Dongheon and Hyangchoeng. The spatial structure of Milyang Eupseong in the late Choseon dynasty was of great difference from that of uniformly organized system of early Choseon Period. It was because the development of administrative function, the pursuit of efficiency, and commercial progress had a great impact on the change of urban space.

• 중국학논총
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• no.65
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• pp.101-116
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• 2020

I in this article analyzed poetry and prose written by Ming Navy forces who visited Chungcheong Navy Castle(忠淸水營) in Ocheon(鰲川) during Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592(壬辰倭亂) and the remains concerning them. Chungcheong Navy Castle was used as a way station when Ming Navy forces came and went to the Southern Sea during Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. In April 1598, "Gyegong cheongdeok bi(季公淸德碑)" was erected to praise Gyegeum for his virtue. The villiagers have served "Gyegeum cheongdeok bi" as a god for the peaceful sea and good luck from the ancient times. Zhang Liangxiang(張良相) & Jia Xiang(賈祥) developed his great spirit to appreciate beautiful viewwhen he defeated Japanese force and ascended again to Yeongbo Pavilion(永保亭).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.32-50
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to reveal the process of enactment and revision, the contents of the police uniform system by the Government-General of Joseon, and to examine the relationship between the uniform system and the ruling policies of Imperialist Japan. The research methodology involved document research of official gazettes that published legislation on the police uniform system. Political background was referenced from various preceding studies. The research results are as follows. The Japanese invasion of Korea, in regards to the police, appeared as infiltrations through the three routes of consular police, temporary military police, and inside the Korean police. Each organization had different uniform systems, and after the installation of the Japanese police in 1907, the uniform system of high level officers of the Korea police was changed to the Japanese-style. After the installation of the Government-General of Joseon in 1910, a police uniform system was not enacted until 1918, with the exception being made for police officers due to the military police system. The 'Police Officer Uniform System of the Government-General of Joseon' enacted in 1918 stood out for its golden insignia on solidly colored fabric, which effectively indicated rank, as well as the Japanese flag pattern and the cherry blossom pattern, which symbolized imperialist Japan, on the cap badge and insignia. The 1918 uniform system had many differences from the Japanese system of the time in terms of design, perhaps due to the political autonomy of the governor-general. The 1918 uniform system was completely revised in 1932. This uniform system was modified in various ways. The system was almost identical to the Japanese system at that time. This is the result of Japan's intent to dominate Korea, which involved assimilating Korea into Japan with the purpose of conducting a full-fledged invasion of the continent after the Manchurian Incident.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.56-65
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• 2020

The purpose of this research is to study the excellence and originality of the Joseon artillery(Jungwan-gu) through an effective restoration. Jungwan-gu that was used during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 was able to maintain its maritime dominance based on cutting-edge technology of its time. Joeson artillery(Jungwan-gu) was used in major naval/land battles during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and is an important cultural heritage that provides a glimpse into Joeson people's will to defend the nation from foreign invasion. For further historical verification such as operational method of Jungwan-gu, extensive research in various fields including size, proportions, structure, materials, and casting method were required. Accordingly, for a more effective research on Jungwan-gu, cutting-edge technologies such as 3D scanning and 3D printing were utilized. Firstly, 3D scanning, modeling, and printing technology were applied to identify the morphological characteristics of Jungwan-gu. Through this, we were able to reach our research objective of identifying the size, internal structure, and proportionality of Jungwan-gu. In addition, by studying the form, operation, casting methods, and other characteristics, the restoration of Jungwan-gu provided us with an important opportunity to verify the dominance and originality of the Joeson era's science and technology during the Japanese Invasion of 1592. This reaserch subject participated in the "4th 3D printing BIZCON Contest" and won the Minister Prize of Science and Technology Information and Communication.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2010

Purpose of the War history's study is getting instruction by analyzing victory and defeat factor. This study is studied by qualitative form in war study mainly. In case recording literature is full, victory and defeat factor analysis is easy, but occasionally definite analysis that recording literature is feeble is difficult. Also, when it is battle result that escape common sense, about victory and defeat factor, various estimations are brought. As such example, there is Myeong-Ryang sea-battle at Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and Korea(Cho-Sun) naval forces did big victory in 13 vs. 133 numerical inferiorities. This study presented method of study that using agent based simulation model for quantitative analysis of these victory and defeat factor.