• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.120-131
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• 2014

Sajikdan(a sort of national shrine in Korea) built at the time of foundation of Joseon was entrenched into Sajik Park going through Japanese colonial era and recently the efforts to restore it is in progress. The details of change in Sajikdan in terms of diachronic analysis are as follows: Firstly, the first period refers to one prior to Japanese colonial era from the first king (also named as "Taejo" in Korean) of the Joseon Dynasty, during which it secured and strengthened the presence as a place for performing important national rites in a nation. It was built on the foot of Inwangsan Mt. at the time of the first king in Joseon Dynasty at first, was destroyed fully by fire during a Japanese Invasion period to Korea(1592-98) and afterward its ancestral ritual facilities were completed under the regime of Youngjo. However, as Japanese intervention coming to the fore, its place was destroyed and then ancestral rites were also abolished in 1908. Secondly, next period falls on 1910 to 1944 when it was transformed and entrenched into a park by the Japanese Empire. While facilities related to a park and an heterogeneous building around the part of boundary were set up, the area of altar, a ritual house and d door of Sajikdan were also designated as historical remains and treasures. Thirdly, this period refers to one from Korea's liberation year from Japanese colony(1945) to the year of 1984 when it had a mixed placeness with the statues, monuments and buildings with heterogeneous nature built. Furthermore, a door of Sajikdan was removed and reconstructed over twice due to opening of Sajik Tunnel. Fourthly, a final period falls on 1985 to the present when efforts are in progress to restore the historicity and symbolism of Sajikdan. A plan for restoration is promoted but now is a difficult time suffering from troubles caused by residents' resistance. Scrutinized historical researches through excavation investigation and residents' understanding are required altogether for restoration of Sajikdan.

• The Journal of Korean-Japanese National Studies
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• no.33
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• pp.67-111
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• 2017

This article aims to shed light on the wartime labor mobilization of prisoners on a large scale in/across colonial Korea and beyond during the late wartime period. More specifically, this article reveals the logic and mode of mobilization, and sorts out nationwide mobilization cases in colonial Korea. To this end, this article draws on documents and magazines published by the criminal administration of the Japanese Government-General of Korea, as well as the memoirs of prisoners and prison staff including prison administrators and prison chaplains. With the onset of the wartime system, the labor work in prisons centered on the production of military supplies. In 1943, the labor mobilization began to organize the National Protection Corps and dispatch them to remote workplaces. For example, at the requests of the military, prisoners were selected and sent to Hainan Island, while others were sent to military factories and mining fields in the northern part of the country. The authorities specified and adjusted the criteria for imprisonment based on education, physical strength, and other physical and mental conditions. Unconverted ideological offenders were excluded from the mobilization, and instead put under separate control. In preparation for mobilization, the prisoners trained in military drills, received Japanese language education, and underwent assimilation as imperial subjects through the preaching in prison. In order to induce prisoners to volunteer, a legislation system based on the shortening of the prison terms, including the parole system, was also promoted under the wartime system. As a result, prisoners were forced to work harder and faster even under the lowest of wages, poor food and poor housing conditions, and they also filled vacancies in managerial positions by serving as supervisory assistants. The reward system for them, however, did not function properly towards the end of the war, and the number of escapes and infectious outbreaks, as well as mortality rates rapidly increased under the harsh conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.10
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• pp.226-273
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• 2004

The characteristics of the records management systems of the Japanese colonial government can be summarized as follows. First, the Government General adopted a "decentralized retention" of public records. The Government General did not establish its own archives for central preservation of permanent public records. Colonial agencies established its own records office and the records office managed the records its agency created. Secret records and police records were exception. They were retained by the Secretary Office of the General Affairs Division and Police Division of the Chosun Government General respectively. Second, filing systems and retention periods of the public records followed the hierarchic structure of organization. In the headquarter of the government, records were filed by a "bureau-division-activity-file" classification system and a retention period of a file was given automatically by each unit the file belonged. A closed and cut-off file was retained and arranged according to its creating unit, creating year, and retention period. The filing system was easy to use once the filing system was established well, but to make it work effectively changes in activities and organizations should be on a reflected regular basis. It had an advantageous effect that permanent records could be preserved in a unified way throughout the organization. However, it is very critical to determine the permanent records in a professional way. Selection of the permanent records should be done professionally and in a historical perspective. Otherwise, the records retained as permanent records were not the records having an enduring value. And that was not done by the colonial government. Third, classification and scheduling of records were carried out by a creating division, rather than by the Records Office, mostly from the 1920s. Compilation of the records was also done by the creating agency. It implies that the records management lacked the professionalism. In conclusion, the records management system of the Chosun Government General wes nither modern nor user oriented. It managed the records for solely administrative purpose, i.e. effective colonial rule. The legacy of the colonial records system still exists in the public records system in Korean government. One should criticize the lack of will and efforts to modernize the public records system since the establishment of the Korean government while should reflect the historical origins of the records system in Korea.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to investigate the conversion of Dongnaebu Gaeksa block to public market during Japan's Colonial Period. The block of Gaeksa was converted into the elementary school for the first time and afterwards occupied by the public market. Dongnae Traditional Market(五日場) had kept up since late 18th century. Dongnae public market was transferred to the site of Dongnaebu Gaeksa in 1937. Especially Dongnae public market(東萊公設市場) in the construction cost of establishment was supplied on loan. A number of traditional markets were reformed into the public markets in the 1930s. and the public market was installed more by the organization of colonial period. Dongnae public market was one of those markets, too. Eventually the establishment of public market meant that the block of Gaeksa had disappeared completely.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.67-72
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• 2015

Purpose - This aim of this study is to examine how conglomerates in Korea have evolved from the perspective of institutional economics. The growth of the economy, dominated by large conglomerates, is projected in light of the dynamic equilibrium between government and capitalists. Research design, data, and methodology - The historical formation of big business groups is examined in chronological order. For the analysis, we divide the assessment into three different eras: Japanese colonial rule, liberation up to the civil war, and the fast growing period since the military coup. Each period is viewed as a dynamic equilibrium that is shaped by economic agents. Results and Conclusion - Despite the rise of modern commerce during the colonial era, contemporary conglomerates came into being with the "enemy property" allotted by the government. Around the civil war, the government coexisted with prototype conglomerates through foreign aid. As the external aid decreased, the system could not be sustained anymore, thus the military coup took place. The reinstated strong bond between government and the conglomerates has shaped the forms of the modern conglomerates thereafter.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2023

The Gyeongseong Women's Medical Training Center was created as the result of the efforts of our internal visionaries with meaningful foreign missionaries to cultivate female doctors, yet the systematic structure of the institution developed primarily out of Korean efforts. Koreans have tried hard to cultivate their descendants and the skills of the Korean people within this framework, challenging the oppression of the ruling class in a given environment, and the results have continued to this day. First, during the Early period (1890-1909), Korea began to establish women's education and the first female doctors were trained with the help of foreign missionaries. Second, during the Growth period (1910-1919), while it was difficult for women's education to be easily expressed during Japanese colonial era, the need for women's education was growing as part of the patriotic enlightenment movement, and female students who wanted to become doctors began to go abroad. In addition, during this period, the means to train female doctors in Korea was available, but this system was not recognized by the Japanese colonial government. Third, during the Preparatory period (1920-1928), the Gyeongseong Women's Medical Class, which gave practical training to female doctors, was established and centered on Rosetta Hall and female doctors who studied abroad. Fourth, a women's medical school was established during the Establishment period (1929-1938), which created a foundation for stable supply of professional women's medical personnel. In this article, we studied the process of women who were marginalized in education until they were trained as professional intellectuals, and we hope that it will help them understand the current women's education in Korea and draw directions in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.95-112
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• 2013

Jangchungdan Park is now perceived as a mere park at the foot of Namsan mountain, but originally it was created to commemorate soldiers of Korean Empire on a site which name was Namsoyeong(南小營) during Joseon Dynasty. During the period of Japanese colonial rule, it was transformed into a park due to the rapidly changing circumstances, so the components expressing the validity of the colonial rule were introduced into the park. This paper examines the time sequential changes of Jangchungdan Park during the period of Japanese colonial rule, and the conclusions can be summarized as given below. Firstly, the park originally was a space to commemorate the soldiers who fought for the Korean Empire. It was built on formerly restricted area at the foot of Namsan Mountain in 1900, and it was arranged putting the ceremonial shrine Dansa (壇祠) as a central building and the annexes in the surroundings of it. The memorial ceremonies were held regularly in spring and autumn until 1909. Secondly, it became a city park for citizens of Gyeongseong-bu(the name of Seoul under the Japanese colonial rule). The authorities of Gyeongseong-bu reorganized Jangchungdan as a park in 1919, prohibited the performance of memorial ceremonies, and the existing buildings except the ceremonial shrine Dansa began to be used as park management facilities. Resting areas and amenities were supplemented for the usage of people from various backgrounds, and the large scale planting of cherry trees made the park a famous place to enjoy cherry-blossoms and other flowers in spring. Thirdly, it was reconstructed as a space to honor the influential personalities of Japanese colonial system. In 1932, Bankmun temple (博文寺) to commemorate Ito Hirobumi was constructed at a location that made it possible for a number of people to overlook Jangchungdan area. During that time, the buildings of traditional Joseon architecture were removed and reconstructed to serve as annexes to Bankmun temple. Due to the strategy to make Jangchungdan park a tourist attraction, Bankmun temple was included into the Gyeongseong sightseeing course, since the wide panorama of Jangchungdan Park and the whole city of Gyeongseong was opening from the temple. Various different components were introduced into Jangchungdan Park due to the rapidly changing circumstances; therefore the nature of the park was either altered or reproduced. Hopefully, the park rearrangement works will be executed paying respects to the memories of the past hereafter.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2019

Jeon Suk-hee worked as permanent licensed Uisaeng (medical cadet) in Dalseong the Japanese occupation. The his newly discovered medical records were analyzed for the actual medical aspects of local Uisaeng. This article examined the medical view and treatment method of Jeon Suk-hee through the analysis of medical records, reveals facts which include : 1) The medical treatment was based on korean medical classification and treatment. This, along with the case of Cheongkang Kim Young-hoon, is an example of the preservation of traditional Korean medicine during the Japanese colonial period. 2) There is little effect of Shanghanlun (Treatise on Cold Damage). One side of Joseon medicine, which had a weak tradition of Shanghan, is revealed. 3) It did not simply follow the existing prescription of korean medicine's book. Examples include use of Cheongsin-san and Jeongjin-tang, which cannot be found in existing prescriptions.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.44-58
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• 2006

This study of Shintoism is to inquire the relationships between social-political ideology and place of Shinto shrine(神社). In Korea, the Shinto shrine was a place of the center of Japanese colonial policy that symbolized the goal of Japanese Imperialism. This was one of the strategies of "Japan and Korea Are One". Before the China and Japan War in 1937, the number of shrines amounted to 51 sites, 12 of them were closely related to open ports, and the others were located at inland major cities. They also were associated with railroad transportation systems that tied coast and inland major cities. This spatial distribution of shrines was so called "Shrine Network" that was essential in tracing Japanese invasion into Korea. It was an imperial place where Japanese residence and colonial landscape were combined together to show the strength of Japanese Imperialism. Most of shrines were located at a hill with a view on the slope of a mountain and honored Goddess Amaterasu and the Meiji Emperor. I presume from these facts that Shinto Shrine was a supervisionary organization for strategic purpose. The Jeonju Shrine was located on a small hill, Dagasan(65m) where commanded a splendid view of Jeonju city and honored Goddess Amaterasu and the Meiji Emperor. It was a place which was adjacent to Japanese residence and colonial landscape. The Dagasan was changed as a symbolic site for Japanese Imperialism. But, after liberation in 1945, the social-political symbol of the hill was changed. By the strong will of civil, there was a monument to the loyal dead and the national poet, Yi Byeng-gi placed for national identity at the site of the demolished Jeonju Shrine. Dagasan as a place of national identity, shows the symbolic decolonization and the changing ideology. After all, this shows that political ideology is represented in a place with landscape.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.13-51
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• 2021

As a case study, this paper historicizes the film culture in Namchon district in Keijo(京城) based on a preliminary research on the film ephemera produced during the colonial period. Through cross-examining articles appeared in Japanese newspapers and magazines at the time, this paper empirically reconstructs the Japanese settlers' film culture in Keijo, a colonial city whose cultural environment was ethnically divided into 'Bukchon' and 'Namchon.' During the silent era, movie theaters in the Namchon district not only played a role of cinema chain through which films imported and distributed by Japanese film companies were circulated and exhibited but also served as a cultural community for Japanese settlers who migrated to a colony. The film ephemera issued by each theater not only provided information about the movie program, but also connected these Japaneses settlers in colonial city, Keijo to the homogeneous space and time in Japan proper. Both as a minority and colonizer in a colony, these Japanese settlers experienced a sense of 'unity' that could 'distinguish' their ethnic identity differentiated from Koreans through watching movies in this ethnically segregated cultural environment. In doing so, they were also able to connect themselves to their homeland in Japan Proper, despite on a cultural level. This is a cultural practice that strengthens a kind of long distance nationalism. Examining Japanese film culture through film ephemera would not only contribute to the previous scholarship on modern theater culture and spectatorship established since the 2000s, but also be a meaningful attempt to find ways and directions for film history research through non-film materials.