• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.573-583
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• 2005

[ $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ ] aerosols were collected at Busan from March, 2004 to December, 2004, and the concentrations of some metal elements were chemically analyzed to study their characteristics. The mean concentration of $PM_{10}$ was $58.2{\mu}g/m^3$ with a range of 8.3 to $161.1{\mu}g/m^3$. The mean concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was $29.3{\mu}g/m^3$ with a range of 2.8 to $65.3\mu}g/m^3$. The mean mass concentrations of Asian dust and non Asian dust in $PM_{10}$ were $121.5\mu}g/m^3$ and $56.0{\mu}g/,^3$ respectively. The mean values of crustal enrichment factors for six elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were all higher than 10, possibly suggesting the influence of anthropogenic sources. The crustal enrichment factors of some heavy metal elements in non-Asian dust (NAD) were higher than those in Asian dust (AD), possibly due to anthropogenic emissions transported from industries around this area by westerly wind. The soil contribution ratios for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were $15.2\%$ and $17.5\%$ on the whole. and those of AD/NAD for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were 1.9 and 2.1, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.897-916
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• 2014

There is a considerable community between Eight Constitution Medicine and disease ecology in that they examine the relationship between humans and environment in terms of genetic, environmental and cultural factors, in addition to the factor of germs. In this respect, the purpose of this research aims to investigate the community between Eight Constitution Medicine, a branch of Eastern Medicine and disease ecology in geography. The research method is to analyse the clinical results from 647 patients and the data from a field survey on the Yeonggwang-gun County, Jeollanam-do Province. The results are summarized as the following: First, geographical distribution of patients varies depending on the type of physical constitution; it is also divided into two types, an oceanic type and an inland type. Second, it is highly probable that there is a significant relation between a vulnerable disease in association with a type of physical constitution and patient's native place; there are diseases that are not associated with all the patients who have the same constitution; they might be incurred by the eating or life habits in association with the characteristics of geographical environment. Third, the case study of Yeonggwang-gun County, Jeollanam-do Province, with a focus on the mutual relationship among the three factors. shows that patients, who share in common the eating or life habits that coincide with their own personal types of constitution, maintain a good health condition; if not, they tend to be exposed to a various kinds of disease. Because the study on the community between Eight Constitution Medicine and disease ecology is now at the early stage, diverse types of approaches should be tried to be applied in the future.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.287-296
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• 2008

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the remineralization effect of commercially available anticariogenic products, exactly low level fluoride mouthrinse(500 ppm NaF), tooth cream with Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate(CPP-ACP) and fluoride mouthrinse plus tooth cream on artificial caries lesion. Artificial caries lesion was induced at the buccal surface of permanent third molar and the specimens were then divided(16 specimens/group) into four group. Twice a day during 28 days specimens of each group were treated with a commercially anticariogenic product as follows and applied to the pH cycling system. Group 1: control group (No treatment) Group 2: Tooth $Mousse^{(R)}$ (GC Co. Japan) Group 3: $chikachika^{(R)}$ (Samil Co. Korea) Group 4: $chikachika^{(R)}$+Tooth Mousse$^{(R)}$ The long-term change of mineral loss(${\Delta}Q$) was evaluated by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) and the following results were obtained: 1. ${\Delta}Q$ of Group 1 was not noticed statistically significant during 28 days comparing that prior to treatment. There was a statistically significant increase in ${\Delta}Q$ of Group 2 and 3 since 14 days. So was in ${\Delta}Q$ of Group 4 since 7 days. 2. ${\Delta}Q$ was increased as follows: Group 1< Group 2, 3< Group 4. 3. Comparing with Group 1, Group 2 was a statistically significant increase since 7 days and Group 3 and 4 were since 3 days. Comparing Group 2 with 3, there was not noticed statistically significant during whole duration. Group 4 was significantly higher than Group 2 and 3 after 28 days. 4. All groups demonstrated a decrease in the rate of remineralization as time goes on.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.404-410
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• 2014

The effects of treatment with various complex carbohydrases such as Pectinex, Celluclast, Viscozyme, and Ultraflo on the physiochemical properties, polyphenol extraction yields and antioxidant activities of pear peel and pear core were investigated. When pear peel and pear core were treated with complex carbohydrases, the soluble solid content of peel increased, whereas it did not change significantly in the case of pear core. When pear peel and pear core were treated with Pectinex, significant improvement of soluble solid content was observed along with the highest extraction yield of reducing sugar content. Total sugar content increased in most of the enzyme treatment groups. In the case of pear peel, the Viscozyme treatment group showed the highest total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and SOD-like activity. When the flesh and core of pear were treated with Celluclast, total polyphenol contents increased. All enzyme treatment groups except for the Ultraflo treatment group showed increases in total flavonoid contents. With regard to pear flesh, the Celluclast group showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. When pear core was treated with the four complex carbohydrases, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity did not increase significantly. However, the SOD-like activity of all enzyme treatment groups significantly increased. Consequently, dry matter and soluble solid contents, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity of pear peel and core could be improved by complex carbohydrase treatment.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.354-364
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• 2020

This study was conducted to examine the potential of inducing salinity stress on cylindrical paper pot tomato seedlings to inhibit overgrowth. Potassium fertilizers, sulfate of potash (K₂SO₄), muriate of potash (KCl), and monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄), were prepared as two solutions of (5 and 10) dS·m^-1 salinity level, respectively, to investigate the influence on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedling growth. We also investigated the adaptability and survivability of treated tomato seedlings with high-salinity potassium (10 dS·m^-1 KCl) to harsh environmental conditions (water deficit, low temperature, and storage conditions). Repeated addition of high-salinity level KCl, K₂SO₄, or KH₂PO₄ markedly decreased the dry matter of shoot and root, leaf area, and net assimilate rates (NAR) but increased the stem diameter of seedlings. Among the three sources, the relative growth rate of plant height (RGR_H) was most sensitive to KCl addition; increasing salinity levels of KCl solution decreased the RGR_H of seedlings. The compactness, which directly reflects the stocky growth index, increased in KCl or KH₂PO₄ treatments. After a week's water deficit, severely wilted seedlings were observed in control seedlings (untreated with KCl), but no wilted seedlings were observed in the KCl treated seedlings, and the relative water content (RWC) of the untreated seedlings significantly decreased by 23 %, while that of the pretreated seedlings only decreased by 8 %. The increase in ion leakage of KCl treated seedlings at low temperatures was less than that of untreated seedlings. Furthermore, there was far lower damage proportion on pretreated seedlings at (9, 12, and 15)℃ storage temperatures after 20 days, compared with on unpretreated seedlings. Our results suggest that high-salinity potassium fertilizer, especially KCl, is effective in preventing tomato seedling overgrowth, while it also improves tolerance.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.129-133
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• 2017

Oyster mushroom is a type of mushroom that is commonly cultivated and consumed in Korea. P. ostreatus 'Suhan' is a preferred cultivar for many mushroom farmers because it has a dark pileus and thick stipe. However, as it is very sensitive to environmental conditions, farmers consistently demand an alternative cultivar. To develop a new cultivar, the parental strains KMCC01680 ('Suhan') and KMCC00478 ('Gosol') were selected from various collected P. ostreatus strains by cultivating genetic resources. P. ostreatus 'Heuksol' was developed by the method of Mon-Mon crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from 'Suhan' and 'Gosol'. Thirty strains of 174 crossed strains were initially selected by cultivation experiments. After bulk cultivation tests, 'Heuksol' was selected. The nuclear DNA profile of 'Heuksol' was similar to those of the parental strains, 'Suhan' and 'Gosol', when RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers and UPF (Universal PCR Fingerprinting) 2, 3, and 4 were used. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $30^{\circ}C$ for 'Heuksol', but medium-high temperatures were also appropriate, especially $13-20^{\circ}C$. The fruiting body production per bottle (1,100 mL) was approximately 140.8 g. When compared to the control strain 'Suhan', the thickness of the stipe of 'Heuksol' was greater than that of 'Suhan' (13.5 mm vs 9.4 mm). The pileus diameter of 'Heuksol' was similar to that of 'Suhan' and the pileus thickness of 'Heuksol' and 'Suhan' was 19.7 mm and 21.8 mm, respectively. 'Heuksol' had more a productive stipe number than 'Suhan' and the pileus of 'Heuksol' was dark gray, even at high temperatures. Therefore, it was suggested that this new cultivar, 'Heuksol', could provide an alternative to 'Suhan' and contribute to the profit of oyster mushroom farms.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.203-207
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• 2018

'Daebak', a new cultivar of Grifola frondosa, was bred by mating two monokaryotic strains isolated from 'F14309' and 'GMGF44062' at the Mushroom Research Institute, Gyonggi-Do ARES in 2017. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of 'Daebak' was $25^{\circ}C$ on PDA medium. In bottle cultivation, the culture period of 'Daebak' was 57 days, which was 2 days shorter than that of 'Cham' (control). The pinheading rate of 'Daebak' was 98.4%, which was 24.8% higher than that of 'Cham' and its CV (Coefficient of variation) was 0.6%, 5.3% lower than that of 'Cham'. Regarding the growth characteristics of 'Daebak', the diameter and thickness of the pileus were 27.7 mm and 1.73 mm, respectively, and the diameter and height of the fruiting bodies cluster were 132 mm and 87.2 mm, respectively. The pileus was thinner but the fruiting bodies cluster was larger than that of 'Cham'. Fruiting bodies weighed 139 g per 1,100 ml bottle of 'Daebak', which was 28% higher than that for 'Cham', with a CV of 2.5%, which was 6.2% lower than that of 'Cham'. The yield per 10,000 bottles (used for cultivation) of 'Daebak' was 1,376 kg, 70% higher than that of 'Cham', with a CV of 3.0% that was 11.5% lower than that of 'Cham'. With respect to physical characteristics, the strength and brittleness of the fruiting body of 'Daebak' was less than that of 'Cham'. When considering the period available for sale, the shelf life of 'Daebak' was 42 days, which was 6 days longer than that of 'Cham'.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2013

Objectives The object of this study was to observe the favorable anti-arthritic effects of Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) on Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritic Wistar rats. Methods Rheumatoid arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of FCA, and 300, 150 or 750 mg/kg of Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) were orally administered once a day for 14 days from 14 days after FCA treatments, and 15 mg/kg of dexamethasone was intraperitoneally administered as reference drug in this experiment. All rats were sacrificed at 14 days after continuous oral treatment of Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) or intraperitoneal administration of dexamethasone, and changes on the body weight, knee circumferences, gross arthritis score, inflammatory tissue prostaglandin (PG) $E_2$ levels were monitored with cartilage collagen components and glucosaminoglycans compositions - chondroitin sulphate, heparan sulphate and hyaluronic acid in the present study. Results As results of FCA treatment, classic rheumatoid arthritis featuring dramatical decreases on the body weights, cartilage collagen contents and bone glucosaminoglycans-chondroitin sulphate, heparan sulphate and hyaluronic acid contents, with increases on the knee circumferences, gross arthritis scores and inflammatory tissue $PGE_2$ levels. However, these changes from FCA-induced rheumatoid arthritis were clearly reduced by treatment of dexamethasone and both two different dosages of Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) 300 and 150 mg/kg in the present study. Although FCA-induced arthritis were more favorably inhibited by treatment of dexamethasone 15 mg/kg as compared with Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) 300 mg/kg, marked decreases of body weights were detected in dexamethasone 15 mg/kg treated rats, and Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) 300 mg/kg showed similar preserve effects on the cartilage glucosaminoglycan compositions in this study. Conclusions The results obtained in this study suggest that over 300 and 150 mg/kg of Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) showed favorable anti-arthritic effects on the FCA-induced arthritis mediated by suppression of $PGE_2$, a inflammatory mediator. However, detail mechanism studies should be conduced in future with the screening of the biological active compounds in this herb. Although overall anti-inflammatory effects Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) 300 mg/kg were lowered than those of dexamethasone 15 mg/kg treated rats, Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) 300 mg/kg treated rats showed similar preserve effects on the cartilage glucosaminoglycan compositions in this experiment.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.174-182
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• 2010

In this study, we evaluated feasibility of applying MTV (Metabolic Target Volume) to respiratory gated radiotherapy for more accurate treatment using various SUV (Standard Uptake Value) from PET images. We compared VOI (Volume of Interest) images from 50%, 30% and 5% SUV (standard uptake volume) from PET scan of an artificial target with GTV (Gross Tumor Volume) images defined by percentage of respiratory phase from 4D-CT scan for respiratory gated radiotherapy. It is found that the difference of VOI of 30% SUV is reduced noticeably comparing with that of 50% SUV in longitudinal direction with respect to total GTV of 4D-CT image. Difference of VOI of 30% SUV from 4D-PET image defined by respiratory phase from 25% inhalation to 25% exhalation, and GTV from 4D-CT with the same phase is shown below 0.6 cm in maximum. Thus, it is better to use 4D-PET images than conventional PET images for applying MTV to gated RT. From the result that VOI of 5% SUV from 4D-PET agrees well with reference image of 4D-CT in all direction, and the recommendation from department of nuclear medicine that 30% SUV be advised for defining tumor range, it is found that using less than 30%SUV will be more accurate and practical to apply MTV for respiratory gated radiotherapy.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

Purpose : $T_2{^*}$ relaxation time which includes susceptibility information represents unique feature of tissue. The objective of this study was to investigate $T_2{^*}$ relaxation times of the normal glandular tissue and fat of breast using a 3T MRI system. Materials and Methods: Seven-echo MR Images were acquired from 52 female subjects (age $49{\pm}12 $years; range, 25 to 75) using a three-dimensional (3D) gradient-echo sequence. Echo times were between 2.28 ms to 25.72 ms in 3.91 ms steps. Voxel-based $T_2{^*}$ relaxation times and $R_2{^*}$ relaxation rate maps were calculated by using the linear curve fitting for each subject. The 3D regions-of-interest (ROI) of the normal glandular tissue and fat were drawn on the longest echo-time image to obtain $T_2{^*}$ and $R_2{^*}$ values. Mean values of those parameters were calculated over all subjects. Results: The 3D ROI sizes were $4818{\pm}4679$ voxels and $1455{\pm}785$ voxels for the normal glandular tissue and fat, respectively. The mean $T_2{^*}$ values were $22.40{\pm}5.61ms$ and $36.36{\pm}8.77ms$ for normal glandular tissue and fat, respectively. The mean $R_2{^*}$ values were $0.0524{\pm}0.0134/ms$ and $0.0297{\pm}0.0069/ms$ for the normal glandular tissue and fat, respectively. Conclusion: $T_2{^*}$ and $R_2{^*}$ values were measured from human breast tissues. $T_2{^*}$ of the normal glandular tissue was shorter than that of fat. Measurement of $T_2{^*}$ relaxation time could be important to understand susceptibility effects in the breast cancer and the normal tissue.