• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.64-68
• /
• 2005

An analytical method of nine synthetic foods colors in Korea, Japan, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA), and USA were compared. Contents of water insoluble matter in synthetic food colors tested were not different by general test methods of various organs. Contents of chloride and sulfate salts in Food Green No.3, Food Red No.3, Food Blue No.2, and Food Yellow No.4 slightly differed in various methods, and but up to the standard, and general test methods of JECFA and USA needed far more time. For the measurement of arsenic contents in food colors, colorimetric method in Korea and Japan, and silver diethyldithiocarbamate colorimetric method in USA and JECFA were used, but the standards of them were different. Content of heavy metals was up to the standard, but the methods were used colorimetric method in Korea, atomic absorption method in Japan, and both methods in JECFA and USA.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.171-175
• /
• 2004

An analytical method of nine synthetic food colors in Korea, Japan, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA), and USA were compared. Contents of water insoluble matter in synthetic food colors tested were not different by general test methods of various organs. Contents of chloride and sulfate salts in Food Green No.3, Food Red No.3, Food Blue No.2, and Food Yellow No.4 slightly differed in various methods, and but up to the standard, and general test methods of JECFA and USA needed far more time. For the measurement of arsenic contents in food colors, colorimetric method in Korea and Japan, and silver diethyldithiocarbamate colorimetric method in USA and JECFA were used, but the standards of them were different. Content of heavy metals was up to the standard, but the methods were used colorimetric method in Korea, atomic absorption method in Japan, and both methods in JECFA and USA.

• Bulletin of Food Technology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.63-74
• /
• 2007

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.82-91
• /
• 2006

Standard and lead limit test in general test method of Korea, Japan, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA), USA, and EU on synthetic and natural food additives were compared. There were found that the general test methods in 'Korea Food Additives Code' were different from standards of various institutes on lead limit test. For the lead limit test of food additives, Korea used dithizone method, Japan used atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and USA used dithizone method, flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric method, atomic absorption spectrophotometric graphite furnace method, and APDC extraction method. In addition, JECFA and EU used dithizone method and atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The dithizone methods of Korea, USA, and JECFA were nearly identical. In the case of USA, JECFA, and EU, the analytical methods for lead limit test were shown in individual monograph. Lead limit test against 13 synthetic, such as magnesium stearate and L-cystine, and 12 natural, such as gua gum and diatomaceous earth, food additives distributed in Korea were performed by the analytical method of each institute. Although all institutes use various methods for analysis of lead, contents of lead in food additives tested fell into the standard of each institute.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.266-272
• /
• 2010

The present study was carried out to assess exposure & risk for Korean by total and inorganic As intake through agricultural products. Total arsenic analysis was performed using microwave device and ICP-MS. 50% MeOH extraction and anion-exchange HPLC-ICP-MS method has been used to determine arsenic species. 329 samples covering 20 kinds of agricultural products were collected from various retail outlets and markets across Korea. The concentration of total As was in the range of 0.001~0.718 mg/kg, while inorganic and organic arsenic species in all samples was not determined. For risk assessment, probable daily intake was calculated and compared with provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI, 15 ${\mu}g$/kg b.w./week for inorganic arsenic) established by JECFA. The median daily exposure to total and inorganic As by intake of agricultural products except rice was ranged 0.0002~0.012, 0.0001~0.001 ${\mu}g$/kg b.w./day, corresponding to 0.01~0.5%, 0.002~0.1% of PTWI, respectively. The median level of total and inorganic As intake through rice was 0.603 and 0.041 ${\mu}g$/kg b.w./day, and 28.1% and 1.9% of PTWI, respectively. Therefore, the level of overall exposure to arsenic for Korean through agricultural products was below the recommended JECFA levels, indicating of least possibility of risk.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.73-76
• /
• 2005

Center for Food Standard Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug AdministrationThis study was performed to compare analytical methods of nine synthetic food colors and six food color lakes in Korea, Japan, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA), and USA. The experimental protocol of this study consists of three parts: titration method with titanium chloride, gravimetric and spectrophotometric method. To measure the total contents of food colors, Korea and Japan used titration method with titanium chloride, USA used the average value of titration method with titanium chloride equipped with Kipp generator and spectrophotometric method. Also, JECFA used titration method with titanium chloride equipped with KiPP generator. However, All the low organizations used gravimetric method to measure the total content of coloring matter on Food Red No.3. Although all organizations use various methods for analysis of coloring matters, total contents of coloring matter on food colors tested fell into the standard showing $85.08-96.40\%$ in synthetic food colors and $10.00-36.86\%$ in food color lakes.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.134-140
• /
• 2005

Boiling point and distillation range, melting range, and identification methods in general test method of Korea, Japan, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA), and USA on chemical food additives were compared. Boiling point of propylene glycol was indicated as boiling point in Korea, distillate in Japan, distillation range in JECFA and USA, and its value was up to the standard. Distillation range of propionic acid was indicated as distillate in Korea and Japan, distillation range in JECFA and USA, and its value was up to the standard. There is no standard on distillation range of isopropyl alcohol in Japanese method. Test method of melting range on synthetic food additives was identical in all organizations, and there are 28 items to which this test method applies in Korean Food Additives Code. The standards on molting range of D-mannitol were different in various organizations, and in USA method there are no standards to which L-ascorbic acid, calciferol, and fumaric acid apply. Synthetic food additives performing the identification test were 251 items in Korean Food Additives Code, but there are no items to which manganese, glycerophosphate, bromate, thiosulfate, and bromide apply. Calcium benzoate was dissolved by heating in benzoate test and we could not identify the citrate in ferric citrate by method (2) of Korea and Japan. Identification test methods for ammonium, lactate, magnesium, copper, sulfate, phosphate, and zinc were identical in all organizations, and these could be identifed by current identification methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.8
• /
• pp.1407-1413
• /
• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the usage and management of flavorings inside or outside (Europe, Japan, JECFA and USA) for that establish a legislation about the flavoring management in Korea. Also, this study contributed to prevent confusion when manufacturers produce flavorings used in food industry. 6,434 among 8,386 flavorings authorized by Korea Food and Drug administration are compound flavorings, and 618 among 6,434 compound flavorings are synthetic flavorings. Many other substances except for flavorings are using as solvent in flavoring manufacture. Flavorings used in food industries of Korea are listed at least one among FEMA, JECFA, CoE and JFFMA except for isooctyl acetate and tricyclene. 493 items out of total 618 synthetic flavorings have completed safety evaluation by JECFA. 106 synthetic flavorings out of the rest listed FEMA as GRAS and 20 synthetic flavorings used in Japan. The replier answered that the most frequently used flavorings are strawberry, grape, orange, plum, lemon and vanilla flavor and that the usage of flavoring added to foodstuffs is less than 0.5%.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.352-356
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to introduce the toxicological study review to evaluate the safety of PDMS on the 69th JECFA meeting. Polydimethylsiloxane is a polymer and its ADI was established at 23rd JECFA meeting in 1979. The ADI was maintained although the specification was expanded at its 26th, 29 th, 37 th meetings. Recently, it was reported that PDMS with low molecular weight and viscosity has high absorption rate and different toxicity, so it was submitted at 69th meeting. Toxicological studies of PDMS were submitted from the sponsor and additional information is collected from a document searching. The toxicological studies were reviewed in accordance with the 'Guidelines for the preparation of toxicological working papers for the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives'. In the available acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies on PDMS, dose-related increases in incidence and severity of ocular lesions(corneal crystal, inflammation of the corneal epithelium etc.) were consistently observed after oral dosing. It seems to be a local irritant effect, but the mechanism by which the ocular lesions arose is unclear, although the lack of absorption of PDMS indicates that it is unlikely to be a direct systemic effect. Consequently, the relevance of the ocular lesions for food use of PDMS could not be determined. The ADI of PDMS was re-established from 0-1.5 mg/kg bw/day to 0-0.8 mg/kg bw/day by applying additional safety factor 2 based on its ocular toxicity. The result of 0-0.8 mg/kg bw/day is a temporary ADI until further data are provided to 2010.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.375-387
• /
• 2012

The objective of this study is investigation of contamination levels and assessment of health risk effects of heavy metals in herbal pills. 31 Items and 93 samples were obtained for this investigation from major herbal medicine producing areas, herbal markets and on-line supermarkets from Jan to Jun in 2010. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer method was conducted for the quantitative analysis of Pb, Cd and As. In addition, the mercury analyzer system was conducted for that of Hg without sample digestion. The average contents of heavy metals in samples were as follows : 0.87 mg/kg for Pb, 0.08 mg/kg for Cd, 2.87 mg/kg for As and 0.16 mg/kg for Hg, respectively. In addition, the average contents of heavy metals in different parts of plants, including cortex, fructus, herba, radix, seed, algae and others were 0.63 mg/kg, 3.94 mg/kg, 1.42 mg/kg, 1.05 mg/kg, 0.16 mg/kg, 22.31 mg/kg and 10.17 mg/kg, respectively. After the estimations of dietary exposure, the acceptable daily intake (ADI), the average daily dose (ADD), the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and the relative hazard of heavy metals were evaluated. As the results, the relative hazards compared to PTWI in samples were below the recommended standard of JECFA as Pb 3.1%, Cd 0.9%, Hg 0.5%. Cancer risks through slope factor (SF) by Ministry of Environment Republic Korea and Environmental Protection Agency was $4.24{\times}10^{-7}$ for Pb and $3.38{\times}10^{-4}$ for As (assuming that the total arsenic content was equal to the inorganic arsenic). Based on our results, possible Pb-induced cancer risks in herbal pills according to parts used including cortex, fructus, herba, radix, seed, algae and others were $1.95{\times}10^{-7}$, $1.45{\times}10^{-6}$, $2.14{\times}10^{-7}$, $6.27{\times}10^{-7}$, $1.99{\times}10^{-8}$, $3.61{\times}10^{-7}$ and $9.64{\times}10^{-8}$, respectively. Possible As-induced cancer risks in herbal pills by parts used including cortex, fructus, herba, radix, seed, algae and others were $1.54{\times}10^{-5}$, $7.24{\times}10^{-5}$, $1.23{\times}10^{-4}$, $2.02{\times}10^{-5}$, $3.25{\times}10^{-6}$, $2.18{\times}10^{-3}$ and $5.67{\times}10^{-6}$ respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that the majority of samples except for some samples with relative high contents of heavy metals were safe.