• 환경생물
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.221-227
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• 2005

The effects of light and $CO_2$ on the electrophysiological characteristics of guard cells in the intact leaf and isolated epidermis have been investigated. Fast hyperpolarization of guard cell apoplastic PD in the intact leaf was recorded reaching up to around 7 mV and 20 mV in response to light and $CO_2$. Whenever the experiments were attempted with isolated epidermis, there was no response to light and $CO_2$. In order to determine the influence of the mesophyll cells, the apoplastic PD of guard cells in isolated epidermis was measured in the presence of the mesophyll supernatant or the control medium. The apoplastic PD in isolated epidermis was hyperpolarized to -7mV, changing from -22mV to -29mV at 40 min. But, when isolated epidermis was incubated with the supernatant from mesophyll cells incubated in the light, the apoplastic PD in isolated epidermis was hyperpolarized to -19 mV, changing from -22 mV to -40.5 mV. $CO_2$ also caused a change of 0.1 to 0.3 pH unit in the intact leaf. However, this change was absent in isolated epidermis. A vibrating probe was used to detect the change in electrical currents at the surface of excised intact leaves and isolated epidermis. The reading of excised intact leaves in the dark was $0.5\muA\;cm^{-2},$ remaining steady until illuminated. Light increased the current on the surface of excised leaves to about $0.8\muA\;cm^{-2},$. However, light had no effect in the current on the surface of isolated epidermis. Apoplastic pH changes across the stomatal complex in response to light and dark were measured both in the intact leaves and isolated epidermis over the same time period using pH micro-electrodes. The guard cell wall of intact leaf was acidified to 2.5 pH unit, falling from pH 7.5 to pH 5.0 in the first 10 min. in the light. At the same time the guard cell wall pH of isolated epidermis fell from pH 7.5 to pH 7.0 at 10 min. The guard cell wall pH of isolated epidermis incubated in the mesophyll supernatant fell from pH 7.6 to pH 6.7 at 10 min. Likewise, It could be imagined that an electrical signal, chemicals and hormones propagated from the mesophyll in response to light and $CO_2$ could control a fast stomatal response.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.1109-1117
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• 2006

To investigate the influence of the mesophyll cells on stomatal opening in response to white light, the segments of isolated epidermis were transferred on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf and stomatal apertures were measured. Transferring the isolated epidermis on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf caused a marked increase on stomatal apertures while stomata in isolated epidermis incubated in MES buffer hardly opened. Mesophyll infiltration with photosynthetic inhibitors (DCMU, DCCD, $NaN_3$) was performed to elucidate the correlation between stomatal apertures and the degree of photosynthetic activity. It was found that transferring the isolated epidermis on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf caused an increase of stomatal apertures depending on the degree of photosynthetic activities. In $NaN_3$ infiltrated leaf discs, transferring the fresh isolated epidermis on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf showed no significant effect, but a slight increase on stomatal apertures. Isolated epidermis alone did not respond to the light properly, but if it was closely contacted with mesophyil cells, the stomata regained the ability of the light response. Therefore, it could be suggested that stomatai apertures were related with the degree of photosynthetic activity in the mesophyll cells.

• 환경생물
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2001

Many researchers have been studied with guard cell protoplasts and detached epidermis as they think that properly stabilized protoplasts and detached epidermis retain many of the properties of intact guard cells. However, some studies have shown that stomata in detached epidermis behave differently, both quantitatively and qualitatively, from those in the intact leaf. Stomata in the intact leaf are very sensitive to environmental factors such as light, $CO_2$ and osmotic stress, but stomata in detached epidermis are less sensitive to these factors than those in the intact leaf. The clearest evidence to suggest the different response between detached epidermis and intact leaf obtained from the experiments with heavy metal, cadmium. 3-weeks old Commelina. communis was transferred to and grown in Hoagland solution in the presence or absence of 5 mM $Cd^{2+}$ for 4 days. The application of $Cd^{2+}$ showed about 70% inhibition of stomatal conductance when measured at various light intensity (100-1,000 $\mu$mole $m^{-2}s^{-1}). However, stomata in detached epidermis floated on an incubation medium containing 100 $\mu$M $Cd^{2+}$ opened to a degree of about 8.38 fm, but the stomata treated with no cadmium opened to 3.74 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. These results were unexpected as the intact leaf grown in a Hoagland solution containing cadmium showed very negative physiological responses. These results showed that stomata in detached epidermis and in the intact leaf could respond reversely. Therefore, it is possible that we now misunderstand how stomata open in real natural condition.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2002

인삼 뿌리에 발생하는 적변현상을 구명하기 위하여 적변삼표피의 형태적 특성, 세균의 밀도 및 무기물 함량의 변화를 조사한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 적변삼의 표피는 건전삼에 비하여 두꺼웠으며, 세포벽이 분해되어 심하게 파괴되어 있었다. 그러나 건전삼의 경우에는 세포가 장방형의 일정한 형태를 유지하고 조직의 파괴도 전혀 발생하지 않았다. 2. 파괴된 적변삼의 표피조직에는 막대모양의 세균이 다수 존재하였으며, 세균밀도는 2.9$\times$$10^{6}$-3.5$\times$$10^{7}$ CFU/g(fresh weight)으로 많은 세균이 분리되었다. 건전삼표피조직에서는 세균이 거의 관찰되지 않았으나, 세균밀도는 4.7$\times$$10^2$-1.2$\times$$10^3$ CFU/g(fresh weight)으로 적변삼에 비하여 매우 낮게 나타났다. 3. 인공적으로 분리세균을 접종하여 적변을 유발시킨 표피조직에서도 자연발생 적변삼에서와 동일한 표피조직의 파괴양상을 보였으며, 다수의 세균이 관찰되었다. 4. 적변삼의 표피조직에서는 Al, Si 및 Fe의 함량이 높았으나, 건전삼에서는 K의 함량이 높게 나타나 적변현상의 발생은 표피조직에서 무기물 함량의 변화를 유발하였다

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.899-905
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• 1999

Aloe vera의 점액성의 젤리 및 녹색의 표피로부터 gel chromatography 및 친화크로마토그래피를 이용하여 렉틴을 분리하여 SDS-PAGE에 의하여 분자량을 확인하였다. 젤리로부터 분리된 물질을 전기영동한 결과, Sephadex G-100으로 정제한 경우, 58.7 kD와 33.3 kD의 분자량에서 band가 나타났고, 산처리한 Sepharose 4B column으로 정제한 렉틴의 경우에는 176.4 kD의 band가 나타났다. 표피로부터 분리된 물질을 전기영동한 결과, Sephadex G-100으로 정제한 경우, 221.1 kD, 54.0 kD, 32.5 kD에서 넓은 band가 나타났으며, 산처리 한 Sepharose 4B column으로 정제한 경우에는 222.0 kD 및 158.0 kD의 band가 나타났다. 산처리한 Sepharose 4B로부터 분리된 렉틴에 대한 당의 적혈구 응집력 억제효과를 측정한 결과, 젤리의 경우, D-galactose, lactose, D-galactosamine과 특이성이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 중 lactose와 가장 큰 특이성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 표피의 경우에는 D-galactose, D-galactosamine에만 특이성이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 젤리와는 달리 lactose와는 특이성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 친화크로마토그래피로부터 분리된 렉틴에 대한 pH의 영향을 측정한 결과, 젤리와 표피로부터 얻은 시료 모두 pH $7.0{\sim}9.0$의 pH 범위에서 안정하였다. 또한, 온도의 영향을 측정한 결과, $0{\sim}60^{\circ}C$까지 100% 활성을 나타냈고 $70^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 활성이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.24-35
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• 1985

Rusty root of ginseng has been known as one of the limiting factors in ginseng production in Korea. An attempt was, therefore, made to elucidate biological and chemical natures of the rusty root, and the redox Potential of the ginseng cultivated soils were measured and compared with diseased and non-diseased soils. Reddish discoloration was most frequently observed on the epidermis of ginseng root and the pigments were accumulated in all epidermal cells of the diseased lesions. The lower the redox potential of the ginseng cultivated soil was, the more severe the rusty root was observed. Fe content in the diseased epidermis was 3 times higher than that of healthy one. Organic acids such as oxalic, malonic, succinic, and citric acids were also higher in the mss root than in the healthy one. Thin layer chromatogram of phenolic acid fractions obtained from the epidermal cells of the rusty root of ginseng exhibited 3 to 4 unidentified substances not found in the healthy root. Also lignification of the epidermal cells and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase were greater in the rusty root than the healthy root. Colony formation and conidia production of F. solani, And mycelial growth and sclerotium formation of Sclerotinia sp. isolated from ginseng root were suppressed in a nutritionally minimal medium supplemented with water extract of rusty ginseng root epidermis. It is, therefore, suggested that rusty root of ginseng is caused by unfavorable rhizosphere environmental stress or stresses resulting abnormal metabolism in the root as a selfdefence mechanism of non-specific resistance responses.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2000

적변삼 표피조직의 적갈색의 침적물은 강력한 산화제에 의해서만 산화(탈색)되는 chelation power가 매우 큰 화학결합을 형성하고 있었다. CLSM으로 관찰한 결과, 적변삼 조직의바깥쪽으로 두껍게 침적물이 형성되어 있음이 확인되었으며, 조직의 형광강도를 이용하여 두께를 측정한 결과 약 120rm의 침적물이 축적되어 있음이 확인되었다. 또한 Spectrum분석 결과 적변삼 표피의 물질은 건강삼의 표피조직과는 다른 functional group을 포함하는 것으로 확인되었다. 건강삼과 적변삼의 표피조직을 강산과 강염으로 가수분해 하여도 조직에 침적되어 있는 적색의 물질은 용출되지 않았다. 적변삼과 건강삼의 표피조직과 뿌리의 각 부위별 총 페놀성화합물의 함량을 측정한 결과, 건강삼의 표피조직에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 페놀성 물질이 적변물질의 원인이 된다는 보고와 차이가 있는 것으로 페놀성 물질은 적변현상 유발의 직접적인 원인물질이 아님이 확인되었다. 따라서 인삼의 적변물질은 인삼뿌리의 유기성분(세포벽 분해산물, 세포내용물, azodicarbonamide 등)과 철이온 복합체로 추론되며, 이물질에 대한 계속적인 추적을 진행하고 있다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.787-799
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• 1994

To elucidate morphologic lesion of porcine exudative epidermitis which is occurred sporadically in Korea, Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus isolated from the naturally affected pigs was inoculated to suckling pigs. The infected piglets were observed grossly and histopathologically. Although affected piglets were taking acute, subacute, or chronic course, some piglets suffered from chronic disease showed poor prognosis and marked growth depression. Affected peglets had erythematous skin on the face, ear, and abdomen and these localized lesions appear as brownish spots of exudative epidermitis and fromed crust in the early stage. But, after this stage, the skin were covered by viscous greasy exudate and formed blackish brown crust and appeared fissures and hypertrophy. Grossly, there has been hemorrhage with the removal of crust-like materials of epidermis and edematous subcutis. The superficial lymph nodes were edematous and swollen or congested and hemorrhagic. Some piglets had swollen ureters, cysts in the renal cortex, or polyarthritis. A few cases had mild edematous swelling of kidney, intestinal catarrh and congestion of brain. Microscopically, skin lesions had detachment of keralinized layer and parakeratosis of epidermis, hydropic degeneration of epidermal cell, and retrogressive degeneration of hair root sheath. Dermis had edema, and infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells. As the disease was proceeded, there was marked perivasculitis with lots of mononuclear inflammatory cells. More chronic lesions formed granuloma-like bodies(nodules) due to more mononuclear, perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration and proliferation of fibroblast. Lots of plasma cells and eosinophils were also present in dermis. Epidermis was hyperplastic by proliferation of basal cells stratum germinativum and epidermal pegs often extended into the dermis. In secondary infection, lots of neutrophils could be seen in epidermis and derms. Kidney had neutrophilic infiltration, necrotic and cystic glomeruli, and dilation of renal tubules and ureters. Purulent arthritis was sometimes observed in joints. Three days old mice administrated Staphylococcus hyicus subsp hyicus subcutaneously before had focal congestion and hemorrhage, necrosis, and subcutaneous edema of the skin. This observation was also seen in the study of mice administrated exfoliatin toxin of Staphylococcus which evoked human staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.309-311
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• 2008

Purpose: Collagenoma is an intradermal harmatomatous collagen proliferation among connective tissue nevi of the skin. Although there are some reports of isolated collagenomas that occurred on the sole and the palm, collagenoms at the finger has not been reported in Korea. Methods: An 11-year-old girl presented with a growing mass on the distal interphalangeal joint of the left 5th finger. It was a skin-colored, oval and mild tender mass. There were no associated cutaneous or systemic abnormal findings. Results: The nodule, at the subcutaneous level on the distal phalanx, was completely removed by excision. Grossly it was covered with normal skin, and its surface was smooth having a definite margin with a size of $1.5{\times}1.2cm$. Histopathological examination, the epidermis showed to be normal, increased thickness of collagens arranged with a whirl formation was found in the dermis. No signs of cellular component increase were observed. Conclusion: Isolated collagenoma can be aroused as a solitary nodule in at any place of the body. We report a rare case of a female patient with an isolated finger collagenoma.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 1997

In order to elucidate the mechanism of red-colored phenomena(RCP) in ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), distribution of inorganic elements of ginseng root and its surrounding soil, and microflora in the soil were investigated. Red brown colored-substances were accumulated in the cell wall of epidermis at early stage of red-colored ginseng (RCG). Cell wall of the late stage of RCG was disordered and microorganisms were shown in the disordered cell wall. Al, Si and Fe contents among inorpanic elements in the epidermis of RCG were higher at two or three times than that of healthy ginseng. On the other hand, K content was higher at three times in healthy ginseng than that of RCG. Especially, Fe content was higher at three times in lateral roots of RCG than that of healthy ginseng. Total 21 strains of microorganisms were isolated on the 523 medium from surface soil, surrounding soil of both healthy and RCG, and RCG. Six strains of microorganisms among them were resistant to 2 mM Fe. Two species in Bacillus app. and Lactobacillus app. , and one species in Micrococcus sp. and Npisseria sp. respectively were identified. It seemed that RCP was closely related with the distribution and uptake of inorganic elements, was also correlated Fe-independent metabolism of microorganisms.