• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.200-205
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• 2001

The effects of dietary supplementation with the sodium salt of isobutyric acid in a low protein (10% CP) wheat straw based diet on nutrient utilization, blood metabolites and growth performance were studied with male crossbred calves. The calves were divided into two equal groups of 6 each. The animals of the control group were fed a basal diet consisting of wheat straw, concentrate mixture and green oat fodder in 40:40:20 proportion whereas BCFA supplemented group received the basal diet+isobutyric acid at 0.75 percent of basal diet. The duration of study was 120 days. The feed intake between experimental groups did not differ significantly and the average total DMI (% BW) was 1.99 and $1.95kg\;day^{-1}$ in control and BCFA supplemented diets. The dietary supplementation of BCFA improved (p<0.01) the DM, OM, CP (p<0.05), NDF and cellulose digestibilities by 8.50, 9.01, 5.39, 17.78 and 18.44 per cent over those fed control diet. The total N retention on BCFA supplementation was improved (p<0.01) due to the decreased (p<0.05) faecal N excretion. The BCFA supplementation did not alter the blood circulatory levels of glucose, total protein, albumin, urea N and amino acids. However after 120 days of experimental feeding a significant (p<0.05) increase in the concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid was observed in control group. The DCP intake and the DCP content of experimental diets was similar in both groups. However, the TDN content of BCFA supplemented diet was significantly (p<0.01) higher (64.35%) than that of control (59.60%). The total live weight gain in BCFA supplemented diet increased by 15.94% over control. The average daily gain and efficiency of feed conversion were also improved in BCFA fed calves by 13.38 and 26.71% respectively, compared to control. It is concluded that dietary supplementation with isobutyric acid improved the digestibility of nutrients and growth performance of calves.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.84-89
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• 1986

A newflexible $N_2O_2$-type tetradentate ligand. Ethylenediamine-N,N'-di-${\alpha}$-isobutyric acid(eddib), has been synthesized, and dichloro cobalt(III) complex of eddib has been prepared via the air-oxidation technique. Only S-cis isomer has been yielded during the preparation of complex. Ring strain and steric hinderance are cited as the cause for the preference for the S-cis geometric configuration. On series of cobalt(III) complexes of eddib, $[Co(eddib)L]^{n+}$ $(L = Cl{\cdot}(H_2O),\;CO_3^{2-},\;(H_2O)_2)$have been prepared in situ. In their electronic absorption spectra, the absorption maxima and their intensities of the above series of complexes are on the ordinary line of the spectrochemical and hyperchromic series. Elemental analysis, IR, NMR and electronic absorption spectra have been used to characterize the complex and geometries of the complex.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.479-484
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• 2001

The effect of dietary supplementation of sodium salt of isobutyric acid in low protein (10% CP) wheat straw based diet on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation was studied in ruminally fistulated male crossbred cattle. The study included a 7 day metabolism and a 3 day rumen fermentation trials. The cattle were distributed into two equal groups of 4 each. The animals of control group were fed a basal diet consisting of wheat straw, concentrate mixture and green maize fodder in 40:40:20 proportion whereas branched chain volatile fatty acid (BCFA) supplemented group received a basal diet + isobutyric acid at 0.75 percent of basal diet. The duration of study was 36 days. The feed intake between experimental groups did not differ significantly and the average total DMI (% BW) was 2.01 and $2.28kg\;day^{-1}$ in control and BCFA supplemented diets. The dietary supplementation of BCFA improved (p<0.05) the DM, OM, NDF and cellulose digestibility by 4.46, 6.63, 10.57 and 11.31 per cent over those fed control diet. The total N retention on BCFA supplementation was improved (p<0.01) due to decreased (p<0.05) urinary N excretion. The concentrations of ruminal total N was 37.07 and $34.77mg\;100ml^{-1}$ in control and BCFA fed groups, respectively. Dietary supplementation BCFA significantly (p<0.01) reduced the ruminal ammonia N concentration as compared to control and the mean values ($mg\;100ml^{-1}$) were 13.18 and 9.42 in control and BCFA fed groups. The total VFA concentration was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA supplemented group (101.14 mM) than the control (93.05 mM). Among the VFAs, the molar proportion of acetate was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA supplemented group (71.07 mM) as compared to control (64.98 mM). However, the concentration of propionate and butyrate remained unchanged. Amino acids composition of bacterial hydrolysates was similar in both the groups. Ruminal outflow rate of liquid digesta was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA fed group ($67.56l\;day^{-1}$) than control ($52.73l\;day^{-1}$). It is concluded that the dietary supplementation of Na-salt of isobutyric acid in low protein diet improved the nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.197-197
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• 2011

In this study, in contrast with cases in which Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) tip-induced reactions were instigated by the tunneling electrons, the local electric field, or the mechanical force between a tip and a surface, we found that the tungsten oxide (WO3) covered tungsten (W) tip of a STM acted as a chemical catalyst for the S-H dissociative adsorption of phenylthiol and 1-octanethiol onto a Ge(100) surface. By varying the distance between the tip and the surface, the degree of the tip-catalyzed adsorption could be controlled. We have found that the thiol head-group is the critical functional group for this catalysis and the catalytic material is the WO3 layer of the tip. After removing the WO3 layer by field emission treatment, the catalytic activity of the tip has been lost. 3-mercapto isobutyric acid is a chiral bi-functional molecule which has two functional groups, carboxylic acid group and thiol group, at each end. 3-Mercapto Isobutyric Acid adsorbs at Ge(100) surface only through carboxylic acid group at room temperature and this adsorption was enhanced by the tunneling electrons between a STM tip and the surface. Using this enhancement, it is possible to make thiol group-terminated surface where we desire. On the other hand, surprisingly, the WO3 covered W tip of STM was found to act as a chemical catalyst to catalyze the adsorption of 3-mercapto isobutyric acid through thiol group at Ge(100) surface. Using this catalysis, it is possible to make carboxylic acid group-terminated surface where we want. This functional group-selective adsorption of bi-functional molecule using the catalysis may be used in positive lithographic methods to produce semiconductor substrate which is terminated by desired functional groups.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.120-125
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• 1994

By using a synthetic medium simulated on the amino acid composition of soybeam, the effect of salt concentrations on the production of volatile organic acid by the strains of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii So-3101, a soy sauce yeast, was studied at the concentrations of 12.5, 18.0, 22.0 and 28.5% NaCl. The growth, consumption of glucose, and production of alcohol, total acid and volatile organic acid, showed the highest values at a concentration of 12.5% NaCl, and those values were decreased with an increase in the salt concentration. The ratio of volatile organic acid to total organic acid was remained at approximately the same level within the range of salt concentrations between 12.5~22.0%, whereas the ratio was decreased at a salt concentration of 28.5%. After incubation for 16 days, 8 volatile organic acids, i.e. acetic, propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric, isovaleric, isocaproic, n-caproic, and heptanoic acids, were detected by gas chromatography. Among the volatile organic acids, acetic acid was produced in the appreciable amiunt and its ratio to the other volatile acids was increased with an increase in the salt concentration.A small amount of isocaproic, propionic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids were produced, and n-caproic, n-butyric and heptanoic acids were detected only at the lower salt concentration.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.354-357
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• 1990

Synthesis of dichloro cobalt (Ⅲ) complexes of a flexible $N_2O_2-type$ tetradentate ligand, ethylenediamene-N,N'-di-${\alpha}$-isobutyric acid (eddib), has yielded two geometrical isomers, s-cis-$(Co(eddib)Cl_2)- and uns-cis-(Co(eddib)Cl_2)-.$ A series of substitution reactions, $(Co(eddib)Cl_2)^- {\to} (CO(eddib)Cl H_2O) {\to} (Co(eddib)CO_3)^- {\to} (Co(eddib(H_2O)_2)^+$ have been run for each of the two geometrical isomers. The reaction between the s-cis-(Co(eddib)Cl_2)^-$ complex and L-alanine (L-als) or S-methyl-L-cysteine (L-mcy) gave the meridional s-cis-[Co(eddib)(aa)) (aa = L-ala or L-mcy) complex. The S-methyl-L-cysteine was found to coordinate to cobalt (Ⅲ) ion via the nitrogen and oxygen donor atoms.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.431-439
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• 2012

A column chemistry is the most useful tools for isolating the elements of interest in isotope geochemistry. Here we introduce the chemical experimental procedure for Sm, Nd, La and Ce separation such as Teflon powder or Ln-resin method using HDEHP of KIGAM, KBSI, KOPRI and ${\alpha}$-HIBA(${\alpha}$-Hydroxy Isobutyric acid) method of Nagoya University, Japan. This technical report will provide an useful information in selecting the experiment method for rare earth element isotope system study such as Sm-Nd and La-Ce isotope system.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.469-474
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• 1999

The chemical components of Hovenia dulcis leaf and fruit stalk naturally growing in Korea, were determined. Crude protein of leaf and total sugar of fruit stalk was 7.30 and 51.64%, respectively. The major mineral components were K, Ca, Mg, Na and Mn in that order. The content of vitamin C was 4.8 mg% for leaf and 3.8 mg% for fruit stalk and that of free sugar was 1.37% of fructose for leaf and 8.83% of sucrose for fruit stalk. The highest organic acid in leaf and fruit stalk was malic acid and its content was 1,715.21 mg% and 439.18 mg%, respectively. The highest component of total amino acids in leaf and fruit stalk was glutamic acid(497.99mg%) and proline(751.78mg%), respectively. The highest lady acid in leaf and fruit stalk was 43.54% of linolenic acid and 23.15% of palmitic acid, respectively. trans-Geraniol(124.36 ppm) and isobutyric acid(292.67 ppm) were predominant volatile compounds in leaf and fruit stalk, respectively.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 1986

Five antifungal substances were isolated from the long-term storaged extract of common purslane, and identified as isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valerie and caproic acids belonging to short-chain fatty acids (C4­C6). Each of these fatty acids showed more or less antifungal potency against spore germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype in vitro. Antifungal potency of each fatty acid against spore germination was greater than that against the mycelial growth. No one of these fatty acids completely inhibited the mycelial growth at concentration lower than 200 ppm, while 50 ppm of caproic acid and 200 ppm of valerie acid completely inhibited the spore germination. The results of bioassay also suggested that chain-length of the fatty acids might be related with the antifungal potency, since fatty acids with longer chain showed higher antifungal potency.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 1986

The five short-chain fatty acids such as isobutyric(C-4), butyric(C-4), isovaleric(C-5), valeric(C-5) and caproic (C-6) acids obtained from the extract of common purslane showed wide antifungal spectra against spore germination and mycelial growth of the twenty five phytopathogenic fungi tested in vitro, although there were differences in antifungal potency among them. The antifungal potency of each fatty acid varied significantly against different fungi in spore germination and mycelial growth. The seventeen fungi used for spore germination test and the sixteen fungi used for mycelial growth test can be divided into three groups depending upon differences in minimal inhibitory concentration of each fatty acid for them, respectively. Caproic acid was significantly more toxic to germination than to mycelial growth of the test fungi, while the other four fatty acids did not show such a significant differences in toxicity with a few of exceptions as shown in valerie acid. The longer the chain-length of fatty acid was, the higher the antifungal potency was shown. The normal fatty acids such as butyric and valerie acid were more toxic than their isomers to spore germination and mycelial growth of the test fungi. Each fatty acid was more toxic to spore germination of obligate parasites and some of facultative parasites, and mycelial growth of facultative parasites than to spore germination and mycelial growth of saprophytes, respectively.