• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.88-96
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• 2021

본 연구는 여수 인근 13개 무인도 주변 해역의 굴 Crassostrea gigas (n=410, SH 43.3±11.4 mm)에서 확인된 인터섹스 현상을 보고하고자 하였다. 전체 성비(암:수)는 1:1.1이었으나 채집 정점별로 성비의 차이를 보였다. 가장도, 소경도, 중삼도에서는 암컷이 65% 이상의 높은 비율을 보였으며, 송도, 초도, 부서도에서는 수컷이 65% 이상의 높은 비율을 나타냈다. 전체 intersexuality 는 약 12.8%로 암컷에서 약 34.7%, 수컷에서 약 64.3%로 수컷에서 높았다. Intersexuality는 가막만의 초도에서 약 43.8%로 가장 높았다. 조직학적으로 인터섹스는 intrafollicular type, interfollicular type, mixed type의 세 가지 형태로 나눌 수 있었다. 이들 세 가지 형태 가운데 intrafollicular type이 약 81.6%로 가장 우세하였다. 본 연구에서 보고된 굴의 인터섹스 원인에 관해서는 추후 세부적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.277-286
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• 2021

Background: As trade increases, the influx of various alien species and their spread to new regions are prevalent and no longer a special problem. Anthropogenic activities and climate changes have made the distribution of alien species out of their native range common. As a result, alien species can be easily found anywhere, and they have nothing but only a few differences in intensity. The prevalent distribution of alien species adversely affects the ecosystem, and a strategic management plan must be established to control them effectively. To this end, hot spots and cold spots were analyzed according to the degree of distribution of invasive alien plants, and major environmental factors related to hot spots were found. We analyzed the 10,287 distribution points of 126 species of alien plants collected through the national survey of alien species by the hierarchical model of species communities (HMSC) framework. Results: The explanatory and fourfold cross-validation predictive power of the model were 0.91 and 0.75 as AUC values, respectively. The hot spots of invasive plants were found in the Seoul metropolitan area, Daegu metropolitan city, Chungcheongbuk-do Province, southwest shore, and Jeju island. Generally, the hot spots were found where the higher maximum temperature of summer, precipitation of winter, and road density are observed, but temperature seasonality, annual temperature range, precipitation of the summer, and distance to river and sea were negatively related to the hot spots. According to the model, the functional traits accounted for 55% of the variance explained by the environmental factors. The species with higher specific leaf areas were more found where temperature seasonality was low. Taller species preferred the bigger annual temperature range. The heavier seed mass was only preferred when the max temperature of summer exceeded 29 ℃. Conclusions: In this study, hot spots were places where 2.1 times more alien plants were distributed on average than non-hot spots (33.5 vs 15.7 species). The hot spots of invasive plants were expected to appear in less stressful climate conditions, such as low fluctuation of temperature and precipitation. Also, the disturbance by anthropogenic factors or water flow had positive influences on the hot spots. These results were consistent with the previous reports about the ruderal or competitive strategies of invasive plants instead of the stress-tolerant strategy. The functional traits are closely related to the ecological strategies of plants by shaping the response of species to various environmental filters, and our result confirmed this. Therefore, in order to effectively control alien plants, it is judged that the occurrence of disturbed sites in which alien plants can grow in large quantities is minimized, and the river management of waterfronts is required.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1011-1022
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• 2021

해양경찰은 구조, 재난관리, 치안유지, 마약 및 밀수 단속, 주변국 대응, 환경보전, 해양안보 등 다양한 업무를 수행하는 국내 유일의 해양종합행정기관으로서 그 역할과 임무를 국민에게 제대로 알리는 홍보활동이 매우 중요하다. 하지만 해안가, 도서지역 주민들을 제외한 대부분의 국민들은 일상생활에서 해양경찰의 치안행정 서비스를 직접 접하는 경우가 드물고, 이로 인해 해양경찰의 역할과 임무에 대한 국민들의 이해도는 낮다. 이 연구는 해양경찰 재출범 3년차를 맞아 해양경찰 홍보 조직과 업무 현황을 고찰하고, 일선 홍보담당자를 대상으로 설문조사하여 해양경찰의 홍보 실태를 진단하고, 해양경찰 홍보 강화방안을 제시하였다. AHP분석 결과 해양경찰 홍보는 전담인력 증강 배치를 통해 홍보조직의 내실화를 기하고, 홍보대상에 따른 홍보 전략을 명확히 한 맞춤형 홍보를 강화하며, 홍보 담당자의 직무교육을 강화하고, 홍보 업무에 대한 지휘관 및 내부 구성원의 관심과 지원이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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• pp.32-32
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• 2023

Incidences of urban flood and extreme heat waves (due to the urban heat island effect) are expected to increase in New Zealand under future climate change (IPCC 2022; MfE 2020). Increasingly, the mitigation of such events will depend on the resilience of a range Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) used in Sustainable Urban Drainage Schemes (SUDS), or Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) (Jamei and Tapper 2019; Johnson et al 2021). Understanding the impact of changing precipitation and temperature regimes due climate change is therefore critical to the long-term resilience of such urban infrastructure and design. Cuthbert et al (2022) have assessed the trade-offs between the water retention and cooling benefits of different urban greening methods (such as WSUD) relative to global location and climate. Using the Budyko water-energy balance framework (Budyko 1974), they demonstrated that the potential for water infiltration and storage (thus flood mitigation) was greater where potential evaporation is high relative to precipitation. Similarly, they found that the potential for mitigation of drought conditions was greater in cooler environments. Subsequently, Jaramillo et al. (2022) have illustrated the locations worldwide that will deviate from their current Budyko curve characteristic under climate change scenarios, as the relationship between actual evapotranspiration (AET) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) changes relative to precipitation. Using the above approach we assess the impact of future climate change on the urban water-energy balance in three contrasting New Zealand cities (Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Invercargill). The variation in Budyko curve characteristics is then used to describe expected changes in water storage and cooling potential in each urban area as a result of climate change. The implications of the results are then considered with respect to existing WSUD guidelines according to both the current and future climate in each location. It was concluded that calculation of Budyko curve deviation due to climate change could be calculated for any location and land-use type combination in New Zealand and could therefore be used to advance the general understanding of climate change impacts. Moreover, the approach could be used to better define the concept of urban infrastructure resilience and contribute to a better understanding of Budyko curve dynamics under climate change (questions raised by Berghuijs et al 2020)). Whilst this knowledge will assist in implementation of national climate change adaptation (MfE, 2022; UNEP, 2022) and improve climate resilience in urban areas in New Zealand, the approach could be repeated for any global location for which present and future mean precipitation and temperature conditions are known.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.662-675
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• 2022

본 연구는 보길도 격자봉과 큰길재를 잇는 능선부를 중심으로 분포하는 회양목 생육지역의 체계적인 보전 및 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 식물군집구조 현황을 조사·분석하였다. 조사구는 관목층에 분포하는 회양목의 밀도와 지형, 향 등 입지적인 특성을 고려하여 대표적인 식생 군락 또는 지형의 변화가 있는 지역을 대상으로 총 26개소를 설정하였다. DCA와 TWINSPAN에 의해 소사나무-낙엽활엽수군락, 소사나무군락, 소사나무-회양목군락, 소사나무-상록활엽수군락, 붉가시나무군락, 황칠나무-붉가시나무군락으로 분류되었다. 소사나무가 우점하는 군락은 당분간 현상태를 유지할 것이나 장기적으로는 주변에 붉가시나무가 우점하고 있어 이들 종으로의 천이잠재성이 높았다. 붉가시나무군락, 황칠나무-붉가시나무군락의 경우 난대림의 극상 수종으로 알려진 붉가시나무가 우점하는 현상태를 유지할 것이다. 회양목의 경우에도 소사나무가 우점하는 군락은 지형적인 조건으로 인해 양호한 상태를 유지하겠으나 붉가시나무 우점 군락의 경우, 피도가 높은 특성으로 인해 생육상 어려움이 예상된다. 환경요인과 식생분포간의 관계에서는 토양산도(pH)만 식생분포에 영향을 미친 것으로 분석되었다. 그 외에 pH는 3.78~5.30, 전기전도도는 0.186~0.543dS/m, 유기물함량은 2.25~2.89%로 전반적으로 낮았다.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2018

본 연구는 도시·건축형태가 도시공간 내 미시기후에 미치는 영향을 도출하고자 했다. 본 연구에서는 도시 내 미시기후에 영향을 미치는 도시·건축형태의 요소로 도시형태 및 도시조직, 건축물 형태 및 특성 등을 선정했다. 분석을 위해 2017년 8월에 기상청에서 서울시 내에 설치한 23개의 AWS 설치 지점 도시건축의 특성이 명확하게 구분되는 6곳을 선정하여 연구진의 AWS 장비를 이용하여 실측을 했다. 공간의 범위는 AWS 설치 지점으로부터 반경 500m로 한정하여, 미시기후 및 도시·건축형태 요소들을 조사했다. 분석결과, 가로의 방향, 건축물 폭, 건축물 깊이, 건축물 높이, 지형의 경사도 및 향, 교통량 등은 미시기후인 국지풍속, 일사량, 국지온도 등에 영향을 미치고 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 폭염의 피해 저감 및 그에 따른 시민 개개인의 건강 관리에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다. 또한, 도시의 온도를 낮춤으로써 건축물 에너지 부하 저감 효과를 거둠으로써 건축물 에너지 소비량 감소의 효과를 통해 보다 건강하고, 지속가능한 도시 조성에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.106-116
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• 2020

울릉도에 자생하는 거머리말속 잘피 분포 현황을 밝히기 위해 2019년 9월말 울릉도 연안과 항내에서 선박을 이용하여 잠수조사를 하였다. 잘피 생육 환경을 조사하기 위해 잘피가 서식하는 장소의 해수와 퇴적물 공극수의 영양염 농도, 염분 및 퇴적물의 유기물 함량을 분석하였다. 울릉도 천부리, 저동리, 사동리와 남양리 연안에는 비교적 깊은 수심(14~24 m)에서 수거머리말 군락지가 관찰되었고, 총 생육면적은 약 4.9 ha이었다. 현포리 현포항내에는 3~5 m의 수심에서 생육면적 약 0.9 ha의 거머리말이 서식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 수거머리말의 평균 생육밀도와 생체량은 각각 121.9±9.7 shoot m^-2와 99.0±13.2 gDW m^-2로 서식지별로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 거머리말의 생육밀도와 생체량은 각각 193.8±18.8 shoot m^-2와 102.6±6.8 gDW m^-2로 나타났다. 울릉도의 수거머리말과 거머리말 군락지 퇴적물의 영양염 농도와 퇴적물 유기물 함량은 남해안과 동해안의 잘피군락지보다 낮은 값을 보였다. 본 연구결과는 울릉도 연안의 거머리말속 잘피 현황을 최초로 보고하며, 해양보호구역으로 지정된 울릉도 해역의 보존과 해양보호생물인 수거머리말과 거머리말 보호에 유용한 기초자료를 제공할 것이다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.192-202
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• 2010

해저지하수 유출은 최근 전 지구적인 혹은 지역적인 규모에서 육상의 담수, 영양염류 및 다른 용존 화학원소들을 해양으로 공급하는 중요한 역할을 담당하는 것으로 밝혀지고 있다. 특히, 해저를 통한 육상 담지하수의 해양으로의 유출은 해양환경학적 측면뿐만 아니라 미래 수자원 확보측면에서 매우 중요한 의미를 가진다. 일반적으로 해저를 통한 담지하수 유출은 전 세계 연안해역에서 일어나고 있으며, 그 양은 지역 또는 측정 방법에 따라 강물 유출량의 0.01-17% 범위인 것으로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서 조사 및 계산된 한반도 주변 해저 담지하수의 유출량은 제주도, 영일만, 마산만, 여자만 지역에서 주변 강물 유출량의 약 50%, 57%, 89%, 420%로 다른 나라의 연안 해역에 비해 상당히 양이 많고 지역적으로 큰 차이를 보였다. 하지만, 본 연구에서 이용한 담지하수 유출량 계산 방법은 연안해역에서의 기초적인 물수지 방법을 이용한 것으로, 보다 정확한 담지하수 유출량 평가를 위해서는 앞으로 연안해역에서 물수지에 영향을 미치는 여러가지 요인들(강수량, 조석, 증발, 물의 체류시간 등)의 시공간적 변화에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다. 또한, 여전히 해저 담지하수 유출량을 평가하는데 있어서 방법적인 문제가 많이 제기되고 있는 만큼, 수리역학적인 방법 및 seepage meter를 이용한 실제측정 등을 통한 상호비교가 요구된다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.131-153
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• 1984

Fishery resources are still abundant compared with other resources and the possibility of exploitation is probably great. The Korean fishery industry has grown remarkably since 1957, and Korea is ranked as one of the major fishery countries. Its of fishery products reached the 9th in the world and the value of exports was 5th in 1982. But recently a growth rate has slowed down, due to the enlargement of territorial seas by the declaration of the 200 mile, Exclusive Economic Zone, the tendency to develop fishery resources strate-gically in international bargaining, the change in function of the international organizations, the expansion of regulated waters, the illegal arrest of our fishing boats, the rapid rise in oil prices, and the fall in fish prices, the development of fishery resources as a symbol of nationalism, the fishing boats decreptitude, the rise of crew wages, regulations on fishing methods, fish species, fishing season, size of fish, and mesh size, fishing quotas and the demand of excessive fishing royalties. Besides the the obligation of coastal countries, employing crews of their host countries is also an example of the change in the international environment which causes the aggravation of foreign profit of fishing firms. To ameliorate the situation, our Korean fishery firms must prepare efficient plans and study systematically to internationalize themselves because such existing methods as conventional fishing entry and licence fishing entry are likely to be unable to cope with international environmental change. Thus, after the systematic analysis of the problem, some new combined alternatives might be proposed. These are some of the new schemes to support this plan showing the orientation of our national policy: 1. Most of the coastal states, to cope with rapid international environmental change and to survive in the new era of ocean order, have rationalized their higher governmental structure concerning the fishery industries. And the coastal countries which are the objectives of our expecting entry, demand excessive economic and technical aid, limit the number of fishing boats’entry and the use of our foreign fishing bases, and regulate the membership of the international fishery commissions. Especially, most of the coastal or island countries are recently independent states, which are poorer in national budget, depend largely on fishing royalties and licence entry fees as their main resources of national finance. 2. Alternatives to our entry to deep sea fishing, as internationalization strategies, are by direct foreign investment method. About 30 firms have already invested approximately US $ 8 million in 9 coastal countries. Areas of investment comprise the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean, the Moroccan sea and five other sea areas. Trawling, tuna purse seining and five other fields are covered by the investment. Joint-venture is the most prominent method of this direct investment. If we consider the number of entry firms, the host countries, the number of seas available and the size of investment, this method of cooperation is perhaps insufficient so far. Our fishery firms suffer from a weakness in international competitive ability, an insufficiency of information, of short funds, incompetency in the market, the unfriendliness of host coastal countries, the incapability of partners in joint-ventures and the political instability of the host countries. To enlarge our foreign fishing grounds, we are to actively adopt the direct investment entry method and to diversity our collaboraboration with partner countries. Consequently, besides proper fishing, we might utilize forward integration strategies, including the processing fied. a. The enterprise emigration method is likely to be successful in Argentina. It includes the development of Argentinian fishing grounds which are still not exploited in spite of abundant resources. Besides, Arentina could also be developed as a base for the exploitation of the krill resources and for further entries into collaboration with other Latin American countries. b. The co-business contract fishing method works in American territorial seas where American fishermen sell their fishery products to our factory ships at sea. This method contributes greatly to obtaining more fishing quotas and in innovation bottom fishing operation. Therefore we may apply this method to other countres to diffuse our foreign fishing entry. c. The new fishing ground development method was begun in 1957 by tuna long-line experimental fishing in the Indian Ocean. It has five fields, trawling, skipjack pole fishing and shrimp trawling, and so on. Recently, Korean fisheries were successful in the development of the Antarctic Ocean krill and tuna purse seining. 3. The acceleration of the internationalization of deep sea fishing; a. Intense information exchange activities and commission participation are likely to be continues as our contributions to the international fishery organizations. We should try to enter international fishery commissions in which we are not so far participating. And we have to reform adequately to meet the changes of the function of the international commissions. With our partner countries, we ought to conclude bilateral fishery agreements, thus enlarging our collaboration. b. Our government should offer economic and technical aids to host countries to facilitate our firms’fishery entry and activities. c. To accelerate technical innovation, our fishery firms must invest greater amount in technical innovation, at the same time be more discriminatory in importing exogeneous fishery technologies. As for fishing methods; expanded use of multi-purpose fishing boats and introduction of automation should be encuraged to prevent seasonal fluctuations in fishery outputs. d. The government should increases financial and tax aid to Korean firms in order to elevate already weak financial structure of Korean fishery firms. e. Finally, the government ought to revise foreign exchange regulations being applied to deep sea fishery firms. Furthermore, dutes levied on foreign purchaed equipments and supplies used by our deep sea fishing boats thould be reduced or exempted. when the fish caught by Korean partner of joint-venture firms is sold at the home port, pusan, import duty should be exempted.

• Strategy21
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• 통권31호
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• pp.27-56
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• 2013

The United Nations Command (UNC) and the communist North failed to reach an agreement on where the maritime demarcation line should be drawn in the process of signing a truce after the Korean War because of the starkly different positions on the boundary of their territorial waters. As a result, the Armistice Treaty was signed on July 1953 without clarification about the maritime border. In the following month, Commander of the UNC unilaterally declared the Northern Limit Line (NLL) as a complementing measure to the Armistice. Referring to this, North Korea and its followers in South Korea wrongfully argue that the NLL is a "ghost line" that was established not based on the international law. However, one should note that the waters south of the NLL has always been under South Korea's jurisdiction since Korea's independence from Japan on August 15, 1945. There is no need to ask North Korea's approval for declaring the territorial waters that had already been under our sovereign jurisdiction. We do not need North Korea's approval just as we do not need Japan's approval with regard to our sovereign right over Dokdo. The legal status of the NLL may be explained with the following three characteristics. First, the NLL is a de facto maritime borderline that defines the territorial waters under the respective jurisdiction of the two divided countries. Second, the NLL in the West Sea also serves as a de facto military demarcation line at sea that can be likened to the border on the ground. Third, as a contacting line where the sea areas controlled by the two Koreas meet, the NLL is a maritime non-aggression line that was established on the legal basis of the 'acquiescence' element stipulated by the Inter-Korea Basic Agreement (article 11) and the Supplement on the Non-aggression principle (article 10). Particularly from the perspective of the domestic law, the NLL should be understood as a boundary defining areas controlled by temporarily divided states (not two different states) because the problem exists between a legitimate central government (South Korea) and an anti-government group (North Korea). In this sense, the NLL problem should be viewed not in terms of territorial preservation or expansion. Rather, it should be understood as a matter of national identity related to territorial sovereignty and national pride. North Korea's continuous efforts to problematize the NLL may be part of its strategy to nullify the Armistice Treaty. In other words, North Korea tries to take away the basis of the NLL by abrogating the Armistice Treaty and creating a condition in which the United Nations Command can be dissolved. By doing so, North Korea may be able to start the process for the peace treaty with the United States and reestablish a maritime line of its interest. So, North Korea's rationale behind making the NLL a disputed line is to deny the effectiveness of the NLL and ask for the establishment of a new legal boundary. Such an effort should be understood as part of a strategy to make the NLL question a political and military dispute (the similar motivation can be found in Japan's effort to make Dokdo a disputed Island). Therefore, the South Korean government should not accommodate such hidden intentions and strategy of North Korea. The NLL has been the de facto maritime border (that defines our territorial waters) and military demarcation line at sea that we have defended with a lot of sacrifice for the last sixty years. This is the line that our government and the military must defend in the future as we have done so far. Our commitment to the defense of the NLL is not only a matter of national policy protecting territorial sovereignty and jurisdiction; it is also our responsibility for those who were fallen while defending the North-Western Islands and the NLL.