• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2001

Objectives : The water extract of Nueihyuljunbang (NHJB) has long been used for treatment of ischemic brain damage in Oriental Medicine. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the water extract of NHJB recovers brain cens from ischemic damage. Methods : To elucidate the protective mechanism on ischemic induced cytotoxicity, we investigated the regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in C6 glial cells. Results : LPS combined PMA treatment for 72 hours in C6 glial cells markedly induced nitric oxide (NO), but treatment of the cells with the water extract of NHJB decreased dose-dependently nitrite formation. In addition, LPS combined PMA treatment for 72 hours induced severe celt death and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in C6 glial cells. However, treatment of the celts with the water extract of NHJB did not induce significant change compared to control cells. Furthermore, the protective effects of the water extract of NHJB were mimicked by the treatment of NGMMA, a specific inhibitor of NOS. LPS combined PMA induced iNOS activation in C6 glial cells caused chromosomal condensation and fragmentation of the nuclei by caspase activation. The treatment of C6 glial cells with the water extract of NHJB might suppress apoptosis via caspase inhibition by regulation of iNOS expression. Conclusions : From the results, we suggest that the protective effects of the water extract of NHJB against ischemic brain damage may be mediated by regulation of iNOS during ischemic condition.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.160-166
• /
• 2000

The present study examined influence of various ischemic duration on extent of focal ischemic brain injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. The MCAO was produced by insertion of a 17 mm silicone-coated 4-0 nylon surgical thread to the origin of MCA through the internal carotid artery for 30, 60, 90, 120 min (transient) or 24 hr (permanent) in male Sprague-Dawley rats under isoflurane anesthesia. Reperfusion in transient MCAO models was achieved by pulling the thread out of the internal carotid artery. Only rats showing neurological deficits characterized by left hemiparesis and/or circling to the left, were included in cerebral ischemic groups. The rats were sacrificed 24 hr after MCAO and seven serial coronal slices of the brain were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Infarct size was measured using a computerized image analyzer. Ischemic damage was common in the frontoparietal cortex (somatosensory area) and the lateral segment of the striatum while damage to the medial segment of the striatum depended on the duration of the occlusion. In the 30-min MCAO grouts, however, infarcted region was primarily confined to the striatum and it was difficult to clearly delineate the region since there was mixed population of live and dead cells in the nucleus. Infarct volume was generally increased depending on the duration of MCAO, showing the most severe damage in the permanent MCAO group. However, there was no significant difference in infarct size between the 90-min and 120-min MCAO groups. % Edema also tended to increase depending on the duration of MCAO. The results suggest that the various focal ischemic rat models established in the present study can be used to evaluate in vivo neuroprotective activities of candidate compounds or to elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemic neuronal cell death.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.275-280
• /
• 2008

A brief ischemic insult induces significant protection against subsequent massive ischemic events. The molecular mechanisms known as preconditioning (PC)-induced ischemic tolerance are not completely understood. We investigated whether kinetic changes of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 during reperfusion time-periods after PC were related to ischemic tolerance. Rats were given PC by occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 10 min and sacrificed after the indicated time-periods of reperfusion (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 or 24 h). In PC-treated rats, focal ischemia was induced by occlusion of MCA for 24 h and brain infarct volume was then studied to determine whether different reperfusion time influenced the damage. We report that the most significant protection against focal ischemia was obtained in rats with 8 h reperfusion after PC. Administration of indomethacin (10 mg/kg, oral) or rofecoxib (5 mg/kg, oral) 48 h prior to PC counteracted the effect of PC. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that COX-2 and HO-l protein were induced in PC-treated rat brain, which was significantly inhibited by rofecoxib. Taken together, we concluded that the kinetic changes of COX-2 expression during the reperfusion period after PC might be partly responsible for ischemic tolerance.

• 대한지역사회작업치료학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.41-48
• /
• 2016

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 허혈성 뇌손상시 회복의 지연을 초래하는 당뇨에 복합운동프로그램을 적용하였을 때, 신경학적 효과와 당뇨의 개선효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 경상북도 소재의 동물실험 연구실에서 실시하였고 허혈성 뇌손상 모델의 흰쥐에게 STZ(streptozotocin)를 투여하고 당뇨를 유발한 흰쥐 10마리를 사용하였다. 흰쥐에게는 4주간 복합운동프로그램을 실시하여 뇌기능회복을 확인하기 위해 미로검사(maze test)를 실시하였고, 당뇨의 개선효과를 보기위해서 혈당을 확인하였다. 결과 : 허혈성 뇌손상 모델 당뇨쥐에게 복합운동프로그램을 적용한 결과, 뇌기능회복을 확인하기 위한 미로검사에서는 실패횟수(error)가 3주 후부터 유의하게 감소하였고(p<.05) 탈출시간은 1주 후부터 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05). 그리고 당뇨의 개선효과를 확인하기 위한 혈당 검사에서는 대조군에서는 유의한 변화가 없었고 복합운동프로그램을 적용한 실험군에서는 4주 후부터 유의한 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다(p<.05). 결론 : 뇌졸중, 당뇨 등의 성인, 노인성 질환이 증가되고 있는 현 시점에서 환자들에게 재활은 여명수명동안 삶의 질 개선에 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 허혈성 뇌졸중과 당뇨를 모두 가지고 있는 동물모델에게 치료사가 쉽게 시행할 수 있는 복합운동프로그램 적용을 통하여 뇌기능회복과 당뇨 개선효과를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.71-79
• /
• 2010

Objectives : In this study, the neuroprotective effects of modified Boyanghwano-Tang (mBHT) and the major medicinal plants, Astragali Radix(AR) and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix(SMR) were investigated in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)-induced ischemic stroke of rats. Methods : mBHT(400 mg/kg) and AR(154 mg/kg) or SMR(62 mg/kg) water extract orally injected in rats after 90 min occlusion of MCA and then allow reperfusion to 24 h. Brain infarction was measured by TTC staining and the expressions of NOS isoforms and apoptotic molecules were determined in ischemic brain by Western blot. Results : The results showed that mBHT has stronger neuropreotective property through inhibitions of the PARP cleaved and caspase-3 activation in ischemic rats, and could reduced infarction volumes comparison of those of AR or SMR, respectively. While, AR extract has an angiogenic property through increasing the expressions of eNOS and VEGF, and SMR extract has a strong anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of iNOS expression in ischemic brains. Conclusions : These results suggest that mBHT has multifactorial therapeutic advantages through anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation and angiogenesis for ischemic stroke based on a synergistic combination of ingradients rather than monotherapy.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.77-87
• /
• 2009

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of purgation therapy with Natrii sulfas, an oriental medical therapy for stroke patients with constipation, on physiological indexes and the brain edema of rats. Methods: Brain edema was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO); Natrii sulfas was administered once after the MCAO. At 3, 6, 15, 24, 48 hours after reperfusion, physiological indexes such as fecal weight, urine volume and water content in stool were assessed, and at 48 hours after reperfusion the edema index was measured. Results: 1. Purgation therapy with Natrii sulfas significantly improved the reduction of fecal weight caused by ischemic insult (P<0.05). 2. Purgation therapy with Natrii sulfas significantly improved the reduction of urine volume caused by ischemic insult (P<0.05). 3. Purgation therapy with Natrii sulfas significantly improved the reduction of water content in stool caused by ischemic insult (P<0.05). 4. Purgation therapy with Natrii sulfas did not improve the neurological symptom caused by ischemic insult. 5. Purgation therapy with Natrii sulfas did not attenuate the total infarct volume caused by ischemic insult. 6. Purgation therapy with Natrii sulfas attenuated the brain edema caused by ischemic insult (P<0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that purgation therapy with Natrii sulfas improves some important symptoms and has a protective effect on the brain edema caused by ischemic insult.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.165-171
• /
• 2020

Ischemic and traumatic brain injuries are the major acute central nervous system disorders that need to be adequately diagnosed and treated. To find biomarkers for these acute brain injuries, plasma levels of some specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs, i.e., lipoxin A4 [LXA4], resolvin [Rv] E1, RvE2, RvD1 and RvD2), CD59 and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured at 0, 6, 24, 72, and 168 h after global cerebral ischemic (GCI) and traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in rats. Plasma LXA4 levels tended to increase at 24 and 72 h after GCI. Plasma RvE1, RvE2, RvD1, and RvD2 levels showed a biphasic response to GCI; a significant decrease at 6 h with a return to the levels of the sham group at 24 h, and again a decrease at 72 h. Plasma CD59 levels increased at 6 and 24 h post-GCI, and returned to basal levels at 72 h post-GCI. For TBI, plasma LXA4 levels tended to decrease, while RvE1, RvE2, RvD1, and RvD2 showed barely significant changes. Plasma IL-6 levels were significantly increased after GCI and TBI, but with different time courses. These results show that plasma LXA4, RvE1, RvE2, RvD1, RvD2, and CD59 levels display differential responses to GCI and TBI, and need to be evaluated for their usefulness as biomarkers.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.53-68
• /
• 2009

Objectives: This study demonstrates the neurological effects of Bojungikki-tang and Bojungikki-tang-gamibang on the focal cerebral ischemia of rats with ischemic damage caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods: Rats were treated with Bojungikki-tang and Bojungikki-tang-gamibang extracts for about five days after MCAO, and the size and volume of cerebral infarction and the ratio of cerebral edema were observed. From the immunohistochemical view, significant changes of outbreak of Bax, Bcl-2, c-Fos, HSP72, and iNOS were observed in the brain tissues. Results: Bojungikki-tang repressed only brain edema and iNOS revelation led by focal cerebral ischemia, when considering significance. In contrast, Bojungikki-tang-gamibang demonstrated significant suppression of cerebral infarction, brain edema, Bax, c-Fos, HSP72, and iNOS induced by focal cerebral ischemia. Conclusions: Bojungikki-tang is considered functional treatment for cerebral ischemic damage; it can be effective to relieve secondary brain edema and immune response. Bojungikki-tang-gamibang can have a direct function to alleviate brain infarct and to control the natural death of nerve cells which cerebral ischemic damage brings about.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.371-377
• /
• 2000

In order to investigate the pharmacological properties of fractions of Astragali Radix and Polygalae Radix, the effects of the fractions on cerebral ischemia and subsequent reperfusion were studied. Brain ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in mongolian gerbil. Brains were recirculated for 30 mins after the 20 min occlusion. Methanol and butanol fractions of Astragali Radix and Polygalae Radix were administered orally 2 hrs before common carotid artery occlusion. Histological observations showed that brain ischemia induced severe brain damage evidenced by the presence of necrotic foci, edema and hemorrhage. This injury was prevented by the methanol fraction and butanol fraction of Polygalae Radix. The level of ATP in brain tissue significantly decreased in ischemic gerbils. This decrease was prevented by the pretreatment with butanol fraction of Polygalae Radix. In contrast, the levels of lactate and lipid peroxide were both elevated in ischemic gerbils. This elevation was inhibited by the pretreatments with methanol fraction and butanol fraction of Polygalae Radix. Our findings suggest that the Polygalae Radix improves ischemia-induced brain damage.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.157-164
• /
• 2013

Although stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, preventive or therapeutic options are still limited. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathophysiological characteristics of this life-threatening disease is urgently needed. The incidence and prevalence of ischemic stroke are increased by exposure to certain types of xenobiotics, including heavy metals, suggesting the possible toxicological contribution of these compounds to the onset or aggravation of stroke. Among the potential targets, we have focused on alterations to cerebral endothelial cells (CECs), which play important roles in maintaining the functional integrity of brain tissue.