• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.79-95
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• 1997

Purpose : Phospholipase C(PLC) isozymes play significant roles in signal transduction mechanism. $PLC-\gamma$ 1 is one of the key regulatory enzymes in signal transduction for cellular proliferation and differentiation. Ras oncoprotein, EGFR, and PKC are also known to be involved in cell growth. The exact mechanisms of these signal transduction following irradiation, however, were not clearly documented Thus, this study was Planned to determine the biological significance of PLC, ras oncoprotein, EGFR, and PKC in damage and regeneration of rat intestinal mucosa following irradiation. Material and Method : Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated to entire body with a single dose of 8Gy. The rats were divided into S groups according to the sacrifice days after irradiation. The expression of PLC, ras oncoprotein, EGFR and PKC in each group were examined by the immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The histopathologic findings were observed using H&I stain, and the mitoses for the evidence of regeneration were counted using the light microscopy & PCNA kit. The Phosphoinositide(PI) hydrolyzing activity assay was also done for the indirect evaluation of $PLC-\gamma$ 1 activity. Results: In the immunohistochemistry , the expression of $PLC-{\beta}$ was negative for all grøups. The expression of $PLC-{\gamma}1$ was highest in the group III followed by group II in the proliferative zone of mucosa. The expression of $PKC-{\delta}1$ was strongly positive in group 1 followed by group II in the damaged surface epithelium. The above findings were also confirttled in the immunoblotting study. In the immunoblotting study, the expressions of $PLC-{\beta}$, $PLC-{\gamma}1$, and $PKC-{\delta}1$ were the same as the results of immunohis-tochemistry. The expression of ras oncoprctein was weakly positive in groups II, III and IV. The of EGFR was the highest in the group II, III, follwed by group IV and the expression of PKC was weakly positive in the group II and III. Conclusion: $PLC-{\gamma}1$ mediated signal transduction including ras oncoprotein, EGFR, and PKC play a significant role in mucosal regeneration after irradiation. $PLC-{\delta}1$ mediated signal transduction might have an important role in mucosal damage after irradiation. Further studies will be necessary to confirm the signal transduction mediating the $PKC-{\delta}1$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 1983

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of $^{60}CO-{\gamma}$ irradiation on the preservation on Satauma mandarin in Cheju Island. Four varieties (S. m. early, S. m. Komezawa, S. m. Hayashi and S. m. Aoshima) were irradiated using 10,000Ci, $^{60}CO-{\gamma}$ ray with dosages of 0, 50, 100 and 150Krad. During 92 days of storage the effects of irradiation on mandarin porperties were as follows: At the end of storage period the accumulated fruit rotting percentage were S. m. Komezawa($T_2$);74.32%, S. m. early($T_1$);69.67%, S. m. Aoshima($T_4$);64.33% and S. m. Hayashi ($T_3$);61.79%. The rottings steadily increased from the early stage of storage and rapid spoilage continued after 59 days of irradiation. A high corelation existed between fruit rotting and varieties ($T_3$;Y=0.78x-15.30, $T_4$;Y=0.79x-12.29, $T_1$;Y=0.93x-9.01 and $T_2$;Y=0.79x-13.49) High dosages(100 and 150 Krad)improved fruit preservation during the mid storage stage. However 76 days after high dose irradiation there was no significant difference a rotting between irradiated fruit and the control. Irradiation decreased acidity of fruit during storage (p<0.01). The mean acidities of examined varieties were $T_1$;1.01%, $T_3$;1.01%, $T_4$;0.84% and $T_2$;0.77%. A significant differences were observed in acidity between varieties and dosages(P<0.01) With one exception in all treatments. the increase in free and total sugar content was not statestically significant. The exception was the 50 Krad treatment where the total sugar content decreased. $T_1$ and $T_4$ showed slightly higher value of than Brix $T_2$ and $T_3$, and were significantly(P<0.01) decreased by higher dosage. The ascorbic acid content in all treatments decreased with length of storage and also decreased significantly with a higher dosage.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.394-399
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• 2004

The effects of gamma irradiation to improve the hygienic quality and microbiological shelf stability of whole baked egg were investigated by comparison with autoclaving process. The contamination levels of coliform, total aerobic bacteria and fungal group in a fresh egg were 10$^{5}$ CFU/g, 10$^{2}$ CFU/g and 10$^{1}$ CFU/g, respectively. After baking process, total aerobic bacteria and fungi were not exceeded to 10$^{1}$ CFU/g. Also, coliform was not detected under the aseptic process. However, cell counts of the baked egg after packaging reached to 10$^{4}$ CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria, 10$^{1}$ CFU/g of coliform, and 10$^{2}$ CFU/g of fungi. Therefore, it was assumed that microbial contamination of baked and packaged egg was mainly originated from an environmental uptake during packaging process. Microbiological shelf stability of the non sterilized control was about a week. Whereas, the baked eggs irradiated at more than 5 kGy were stable over 12 weeks at ambient condition as like those being autoclaved. Analytical texture profIle was stable within 10 kGy, but it became hardened in the sample treated with autoclaving. About 67$\%$ of panelists identified a sensory difference between non-irradiated and 10 kGy-irradiated sample. The baked egg irradiated at 10 kGy and autoclaved had lower acceptability than the control or samples irradiated lower than 5 kGy. Therefore, it was considered that optimal irradiation dose for radiation sterilization of baked and packaged egg was 5 kGy. At that point, it was recommended that appropriate microbiological shelf-life was 12 weeks at ambient condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.553-561
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• 2020

In this study aims to investigate the radiation protection effect of avocado peel extracts on the Sprague-Dawely rats. 52 male rats were randomly classified into 4 groups. NC Group was a normal control group, PA Group was a group injected avocado peel extracts, IR Group was irradiated group, and lastly PA+IR Group was set as an irradiated group after injected of avocado peel extracts. Avocado peel extract was administered orally at 200 mg/kg once a day for 14 days before irradiation, and the radiation dose was systemically irradiated with 6 MV X-ray of 7 Gy. On the 4 and 21 days after irradiation, the experimental animals were sacrificed to evaluate the change in blood cell composition, spleen index, and histopathological evaluation of the liver and small intestine. As a result, the PA+IR Group showed a significantly greater recovery of lymphocytes(p<0.01), red blood cells(p<0.01), and platelets(p<0.05) than the IR Group. It was also confirmed that the activation of Superoxide Dismutase(SOD) was further increased. Histopathologically, observed that nuclei aggregation and cytoplasmic expansion were slightly reduced in the PA+IR Group in the liver. and the damage was significantly reduce(p<0.01) in the change of villi length due to damage to the small intestine cells. Based on the above results, avocado peel extract can be expected to act as a radiation protection agent that can reduce damage to blood cells and major organs caused by irradiation.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 2010

Purpose: We retrospectively investigated the effect of irradiation using helical tomotherapy in recurrent pelvic tumors that underwent prior irradiation. Materials and Methods: Fourteen patients with recurrent pelvic tumors consisting of rectal cancer (57.1%), cervical cancer (35.7%) and cancer with an unknown origin (7.1%) were treated with tomotherapy. At the time of irradiation, median tumor size was 3.5 cm and 7 patients complained of pain originating from a recurrent tumor. The median radiation dose delivered to the gross tumor volume, clinical target volume, and planning target volume was 50 Gy, 47.8 Gy and 45 Gy, respectively and delivered at 5 fractions per week over the course of 4 to 5 weeks. Treatment response and duration of local disease control were evaluated using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (ver. 1.0) and the Kaplan-Meyer method. Treatment-related toxicities were assessed through Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (ver. 3.0). Results: The median follow-up time was 17.3 months, while the response rate was 64.3%. Symptomatic improvement appeared in 6 patients (85.7%). The median duration time of local disease control was 25.8 months. The rates of local failure, distant failure, and synchronous local and distant failure were 57.1%, 21.4%, and 7.1%, respectively. Acute toxicities were limited in grade I or II toxicities, except for one patient. No treatment related death or late toxicity was observed. Conclusion: Helical tomotherapy could be suggested as a feasible palliative option in recurrent pelvic tumors with prior radiotherapy. However, to increase treatment effect and overcome the limitation of this outcome, a large clinical study should be performed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.605-614
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• 2009

Most cancer patients are treated with surgery, chemotherapy or radiation as anticancer therapies. Especially in the case of radiation, these treatments produce adverse effects such as vomiting, weight loss, anorexia, normal cell damage and malabsorption. The major goal of this study was to determine the effect of irradiation on the nutritional and immune status in irradiated rats. A secondary goal was to determine the effectiveness of high protein diet (HP) and resveratrol (Res) in minimizing the adverse effects of radiation. Rats were divided into four groups: normal diet (NP), HP, NP + Res and HP + Res groups. Each group was further divided into subgroups that received radiation (RT group) and one that did not (non-RT group). Each diet was supplied from $12^{th}$ day prior to irradiation treatment with irradiation dose of 17.5 Gy. The diets were continued until 10th day after radiation treatment and animals were sacrificed. The radiation treatment showed decreased body weight, serum protein and HDL levels and increased TG and LDL levels in nutritional status. HP, NP + Res and HP + Res groups reduced the level of serum LDL and TG in irradiated rats. NP + Res and HP + Res groups increased reduced albumin level of serum in RT group. In case of immune status, the radiation treat-ment showed decreased WBC, lymphocytes and increased neutrophil and eosinophil levels. The levels of serum IL-2 and IL-6 were significantly increased by radiation, however the cytokine levels decreased in all dietary treatment groups. These results showed that high protein diet and resveratrol supplementation seem to minimize the adverse effects of radiation on lipid nutritional status and inflammation response in the rat model.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 1994

Between July 1987 and December 1992, we treated 22 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia; 14 in the chronic phase and 8 with more advanced disease. All were received with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from HLA-identical sibling donors after a total body irradiation(TBI) cyclophosphamide conditioning regimen. Patients were non-randomly assigned to either 1200 cGy/6fractions/3days (6 patients) or 1320 cGy/8 fractions/4days (16 patients) by dose of TBI. Of the 22 patients, 8 were prepared with cyclophosphamide alone, 14 were conditioned with additional adriamycin or daunorubicin. To prevent graft versus host disease, cyclosporine was given either alone or in conjunction with methotrexate. The actuarial survival and leukemic-free survival at four years were $58.5\%$ and $41.2\%$, respectively, and the relapse rate was $36\%$ among 22 patients. There was a statistically significant difference in survival between the patients in chronic phase and more advanced phase ($76\%\;vs\;33\%$, p=0.05). The relapse rate of patients receiving splenectomy was higher than that of patients receiving splenic irradiation ($50\%\;vs\;0\%$, p=0.04). We conclude that the probability of cure is highest if transplantation is performed while the patients remains in the chronic phase.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.154-164
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• 2007

Background: Irinotecan hydrochloride, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, is effective against small-cell lung cancer. Irinotecan also can act as a potential radiation sensitizer along with cisplatin. To evaluate efficacy and toxicity of irinotecan plus cisplatin (IP) with concurrent thoracic radiotherapy, we conducted a phase II study of IP followed by concurrent IP plus hyperfractionated thoracic radiotherapy in patients with previously untreated limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. Methods: Twenty-four patients with previously untreated small-cell lung cancer were enrolled onto the study since November 2004. Irinotecan $60mg/m^2$ was administered intravenously on days 1 and 8 in combination with cisplatin $60mg/m^2$ on day1 every 21 days. From the first day of third cycle, twice-daily thoracic irradiation (total 45 Gy) was given. Prophylactic cranial irradiation was given to the patients who showed complete remission after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Restaging was done after second and sixth cycle with chest CT and/or bronchosocpy. Results: Up to November 2004, 19 patients were assessable. The median follow-up time was 12.5 months. A total of 99 cycles (median 5.2 cycles per patient) were administered. The actual dose intensity values were cisplatin $19.6mg/m^2$/week and irinotecan $38.2mg/m^2$/week. Among the 19 patients, the objective response rate was 95% (19 patients), with 9 patients (47%) having a complete response (CR). The major grade 3/4 hematological toxicities were neutropenia (35% of cycles), anemia (7% of cycles), thrombocytopenia (7% of cycles). Febrile neutropenia was 4% of cycles. The predominant grade 3/4 non-hematological toxicities was diarrhea (5% of cycles). Toxicities was not significantly different with concurrent administration of irinotecan and cisplatin with radiotherapy, except grade 3/4 radiation esophagitis (10% of patients). No treatment-related deaths were observed. The 1-year and 2-year survival rate of eligible patients was 89% (16/18) and 47% (9/18), respectively. Conclusion: Three-week schedule of irinotecan plus cisplatin followed by concurrent IP plus hyperfractionated thoracic radiotherapy is an effective treatment for limited disease small-cell lung cancer, with acceptable toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.279-286
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• 2005

Microbial contamination origin of Kimbab was determined using nine types of ready-to-use ingredients, three each from animal, seafood, and vegetable sources. Effect of radiation on microbiological safety was also investigated. Total aerobic bacteria were not detected in seasoned beef, ham, and seasoned burdock, whereas 3.50, 5.41, 8.83, and 5.07 log CFU/g were detected in surimi gel, seasoned and blanched spinach, dried laver, and cucumber, respectively. Total aerobic bacterial and mold numbers were 8.73 and 5.08 log CFU/g in prepared Kimbab. Gamma irradiation reduced level of contaminated aerobic bacteria and mold population in Kimbab and its ingredients, Salmonella mutagenicity assay (Ames test) showed Kimbub ingredients irradiated at 10 kGy did not show any mutagenicity. These results indicate ready-to-use kimbab ingredients were mostly responsible for total aerobic bacteria and mold population of Kimbab, and low dose irradiation and low temperature storage ($10^{\circ}C$) effectively ensured microbiological safety of Kimbab and ready-to-use ingredients.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.140-147
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• 2016

A process for manufacturing virally-safe porcine bone hydroxyapatite (HA) has been developed to serve as advanced xenograft material for dental applications. Porcine bone pieces were defatted with successive treatments of 30% hydrogen peroxide and 80% ethyl alcohol. The defatted porcine bone pieces were heat-treated in an oxygen atmosphere box furnace at $1,300^{\circ}C$ to remove collagen and organic compounds. The bone pieces were ground with a grinder and then the bone powder was sterilized by gamma irradiation. Morphological characteristics such as SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) images of the resulting porcine bone HA (THE Graft$^{(R)}$) were similar to those of a commercial bovine bone HA (Bio-Oss$^{(R)}$). In order to evaluate the efficacy of $1,300^{\circ}C$ heat treatment and gamma irradiation at a dose of 25 kGy for the inactivation of porcine viruses during the manufacture of porcine bone HA, a variety of experimental porcine viruses including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine rotavirus (PRoV), and porcine parvovirus (PPV) were chosen. TGEV, PRV, PRoV, and PPV were completely inactivated to undetectable levels during the $1,300^{\circ}C$ heat treatment. The mean log reduction factors achieved were $${\geq_-}4.65$$ for TGEV, $${\geq_-}5.81$$ for PRV, $${\geq_-}6.28$$ for PRoV, and $${\geq_-}5.21$$ for PPV. Gamma irradiation was also very effective at inactivating the viruses. TGEV, PRV, PRoV, and PPV were completely inactivated to undetectable levels during the gamma irradiation. The mean log reduction factors achieved were $${\geq_-}4.65$$ for TGEV, $${\geq_-}5.87$$ for PRV, $${\geq_-}6.05$$ for PRoV, and $${\geq_-}4.89$$ for PPV. The cumulative log reduction factors achieved using the two different virus inactivation processes were $${\geq_-}9.30$$ for TGEV, $${\geq_-}11.68$$ for PRV, $${\geq_-}12.33$$ for PRoV, and $${\geq_-}10.10$$ for PPV. These results indicate that the manufacturing process for porcine bone HA from porcine-bone material has sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of virus safety.