• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.137-148
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• 1987

The wholesomeness studies on irradiated foods and the evaluation of the data obtained have been conducted at both national and international levels. The conclusion of the FAO/IAEA/WHO Expert Committee on Wholesomeness of Irradiated Food in 1980 that irradiated foods treated with doses up to 10 kGy are safe for human consumption are being significantly influencing on the regulatory circumstances, in individual countries as well as a regional economic community. Principles of the wholesomeness evaluation, importance of radiation chemical considerations, methodology of toxicological testing and the interpretation of in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the progress of methods for wholesomeness studies and data evaluations and also on the importance e of comparative assessments together with safety problems concerning other food treatments and environmental factors.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.1060-1063
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• 2003

ESR spectroscopy를 이용하여 방사선 조사된 수입산 향신료 3종에서 생성된 ESR 신호 크기에 조사선량과 저장기간이 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 수입산 향신료 3종(겨자, 오레가노, 월계수)를 0, 1, 5 및 10kGy의 Co-60 감마선을 조사한 후, 이를 시료로 Bruker-EPR spectrometer를 이용하여 ESR 신호를 측정하였다. 실험결과 조사 직후 감마선 조사된 겨자와 월계수는 조사시료에서 특유의 신호를 나타내어 비조사시료와 뚜렷이 구별할 수 있었고 오레가노는 비조사시료에서 single- line을 보였으나 조사시료와 비교하여 신호 크기가 매우 커서 비조사시료와 쉽게 구별할 수 있었다. 모든 적용선량$(1{\sim}10kGy)$의 범위에서 조사선량이 증가함에 따라 ESR 신호 크기가 증가하였으며, 조사선량과 생성된 ESR 신호 크기와의 상관계수인 $R^2$ 값은 $0.9939{\sim}0.9993$의 높은 값을 나타내었다. 또 상온에서 12주 후에도 ESR spectroscopy를 이용하여 방사선 조사의 여부를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1002-1006
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• 2002

본 연구는 콩류의 방사선 조사 여부를 검지하기 위해서 생물학적 방법인 발아법으로 확인하였다. 콩류는 대두, 강남콩, 그리고 팥으로 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 kGy의 조사선량으로 방사선 조사하고 5일 동안 뿌리의 길이를 측정하여 방사선 조사에 의한 발아 특성을 살펴보았다. 모든 시료는 5일 동안 지속적인 길이 성장을 하였지만, 방사선 조사에 의해서 길이 성장이 억제되어 발아 3일째 부터는 뿌리길이에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 대두와 팥은 발아 2일째, 강낭콩은 발아 3일째 비조사 시료와 조사 시료간에 1 cm 단위의 길이 차이를 보였다. 발아 5일째는 조사선량간에 유의적인 차이를 나타내는 경향이었지만 0.5 kGy 이상 조사 시료간에는 유의적인 길이 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 모든 시료에서 4일부터 길이 성장정도가 현저히 낮아지고 발아 5일 동안 비조사 시료의 성장정도가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 콩류의 방사선 조사 여부는 발아 5일 동안 뿌리 길이의 유의적인 길이 성장과 비조사 시료와 조사 시료들의 성장정도를 측정함으로써 방사선 조사 여부의 선별검지가 가능한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.531-537
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• 2000

과일의 방사선 조사 여부를 DNA comet assay로 확인하였다. 포도, 자두, 딸기, 복숭아, 사과, 천도복숭아를 구입하여 1.0kGy이하의 저선량으로 조사하고 비조사 시료와 조사시료간의 DNA 손상청도를 육안 검사 및 측정된 comet tail length로 비교하였다. 모든 시료에서 비조사 시료보다 조사시료의 tail length가 더 길었으며 포도와 자두는 $0{\sim}0.5kGy$에서 뚜렷한 증가가 관찰되었다. 특히 자두의 비조사 시료는 포도, 딸기, 복숭아, 사과, 그리고 천도복숭아의 비조사 시료에 비해서 손상된 세포의 comet 모양의 핵이 많이 관찰되기는 하였으나 항상 비손상된 세포의 원형모양의 핵이 동반되었으며 조사된 시료에서는 모두 전반적으로 comet모양의 핵이 관찰되어 비조사 시료와 조사시료 간에 comet 양상을 비교할 수 있었다. Comet 분석을 이용한 과일의 방사선 조사 유무의 확인은 비조사 시료와 조사시료의 tail length의 측정 및 육안 검사 그리고 통계분석으로 확인이 가능하였다. 한편, 이미지 분석기와 같은 정밀한 시스템이 동반되면 저선량으로 조사된 시료들간의 comet 양상을 정확하게 확인하는 것이 가능하다고 생각된다. 따라서 식품의 'DNA comet assay'는 시료의 저장상태 및 화학적 물리적 충격에 대한 몇가지 제한점을 가지고 있지만 간단하고 신속하게 검지할 수 있으므로 다양한 식품의 방사선 조사 유무를 확인하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 2005

To facilitate establishing regulations for irradiated foods, Korean traditional soybean-based fermented powdered doenjang (PD), kanjang (PK), kochujang (PKC) and chungkukjang (PC) were irradiated at 1, 3, 5 and 7 kGy, and subjected to irradiation detection analyses as part of establishing a database for detecting irradiated foods. Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) and electron spin resonance (ESR) were applied as the detection methods. Using PSL analysis, the irradiated PD, PK and PKC could be easily distinguished from the non-irradiated ones, while irradiation of the PC at 5 kGy or higher was detectable. The ESR spectra of the irradiated PD, PK and PKC exhibited symmetrical multiplet lines, which might be induced from the crystalline sugar, whereas, the PC showed a single signal at the paramagnetic centers. The signal intensity increased with incremental increases of irradiation doses distinguishing the irradiated samples from the control. In addition, the peak height also revealed that irradiation induced an increment in the intensity of single and/or multiplet lines of the ESR signals, resulting in clear confirmation of irradiation. Thus, the data from this study could be used as references for detecting irradiated soybean-based fermented powdered sauces.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

The exposure of food to ionizing radiation has been recognized as a safe and effective mode of food preservation in more than 55 countries. The benefits include eradication of insect pests, inactivation of food pathogens, extension of shelf-life, and improvement in food hygiene. Regulatory authorities around the world have emphasized the implementation of various national and international regulations to facilitate trade and development of consumers' confidence in purchasing irradiated foods. Therefore, the need for reliable irradiation detection methods has increased to enforce these regulations. At present, a number of promising analytical approaches have been developed and evaluated. Moreover, about 10 European Standards have been adopted as General CODEX Alimentarius methods for the detection of irradiated foodstuffs. However, most of these methods demand relatively expensive equipment and prolonged sample preparation. Therefore, simple and cost-effective approaches would be advantageous for rapid screening of foodstuffs. The suspected samples need to be analyzed further with more validated techniques to confirm the screening results. In this review, existing screening methods (i.e. physical, chemical, and biological) for the identification of irradiated foods have been outlined along with their principles, scopes and limitations.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.606-611
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• 1999

ESR 기기를 이용하여 뼈를 함유한 육류의 방사선 조사 유무를 알아보았다. 닭고기, 돼지고기, 쇠고기 시료를 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 kGy로 조사한 후 살과 골수를 제거한 뼈를 건조한 다음 시료로 사용하였다. 분광은 적용 자장에 대한 흡광도의 일차미분으로 나타냈으며 Bruker Win-EPR spectrometer로 기록하였다. 실험결과 방사선 조사시료는 전형적 비대칭성 신호를 나타냄으로서 비조사 시료와 확실히 구별되었다. 방사선 조사된 닭뼈의 경우 상업적인 조사선량인 3 kGy보다 적은 1 kGy이하까지 검출이 가능하였다. 또 방사선 조사한 시료의 신호 높이는 같은 시료의 채취부위 차이보다는 시료 종류간의 차이로 인하여 높이가 달랐다. 각 시료의 조사선량에 따른 신호의 높이를 알아본 결과 쇠고기 뼈가 가장 높았으며 다음으로는 돼지고기 뼈 그리고 닭고기 뼈의 경우 제일 낮아서 동물의 크기가 클수록 크게 나타났으나 어느 경우든 조사선량에 따라 직선관계를 보임으로서 개략적인 정량도 가능하였다. 또 이들 신호의 크기는 6주간의 저장기간동안에도 변하지 않아 ESR 기기법은 빠르고 확실한, 육류의 방사선 조사 유무를 판별할 수 있는 검출법임을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.26-34
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• 2020

Background: We examined changes in red ginseng components after different doses of irradiation were applied. We also evaluated what housewives and teachers know about irradiated food, as well as their perceptions of and attitudes toward it. Materials and Methods: General nutrients and unique components of irradiated ginseng were then analyzed. Education on irradiated foods and red ginseng was provided to teachers and housewives on two occasions, and changes in their behaviors were evaluated via a qualitative survey. Results and Discussion: The ideal radiation dose to reduce the number of bacteria without changing the unique components of red ginseng is 7.5 kGy. Notably, after educational seminars on this topic, consumers' knowledge, attitudes toward, and perceptions of irradiated ginseng compared to non-irradiated red ginseng changed significantly. Conclusion: It is necessary to provide consumers with information on irradiated foods to promote the growth of the domestic food industry, and to improve public knowledge of the safety and effects associated with the irradiation of food.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.380-384
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• 2002

For the screening of gamma-irradiated grains, domestic rice, glutinous rice, barley, and wheat were irradiated with 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 kGy and screened using the DEFT/APC (Direct Epifluorescent Filter Technique/Aerobic Plate Count) method. The log DEFT/APT units increased with the dose increment in all samples, whereas the log APC unit decreased gradually. For rice, barley, and wheat, unirradiated and irradiated samples with below 0.3 kGy had 2.0 or lower logarithmic units, whereas those with 0.5 kGy or higher had 2.0 or higher logarithmic units. For glutinous rice, the sample irradiated with 0.5 kGy showed 1.92 logarithmic unit and those with 0.7 kGy or higher had 2.0 or higher logarithmic units. These results suggest that if the grains show 2.0 or higher logarithmic units, they could be assumed to have been irradiated at a dose level of at least 0.5 kGy. In conclusion, grains could be easily screened through the DEFT/APC method.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.275-291
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• 1998

Food irradiation is an emerging technology which offers many advantages such as reduction of microorganisms, extension of shelf-life of foods, reduction in the use of post-harvest chemicals, and destruction of insects and parasites. The commercial utilization of food irradiation, however, has been restricted because of the uncertainty of consumers' responses to it. Because success of food irradiation in the marketplace will depend upon their acceptability by consumers, this study focused on the consumers' perception and acceptance toward food irradiation in order to get basic data for commercial utilization of food irradiation and give information to consumers to help rational consumption behavior. The survey with 411 respondents living in Youngnam area was conducted during the spring of 1997 by the questionnaires. The results and implications from this study are as follows. First, consumers' knowledge about food irradiation is scanty. Two-thirds of respondents in the survey had not heard of irradiated foods and many people confused irradiation with radioactivity. In the willingness to accept food irradiation, one-third of respondents showed a wait-and-see attitude. This result indicated consumers had insufficient information about the irradiation process and nationwide education of food irradiation technology should be undertaken. Second, although the purchase and use of food are very important consumption behaviors, consumer education by mass communication has been rarely done. For the successful commercialization of food irradiation, the information provision by mass communication for the consumers should be made. Third, consumers generally worried about residual pesticide and intended to purchase irradiated foods if radioactivity was not retained in the foods. Therefore, food irradiation could be an alternative method to the use of pesticide Fourth, consumers pointed out that they wanted to extend shelf-life of milk and dairy foods, fish and seafood and to irradiate these foods. Therefore, research for the safety of irradiated foods should be continually conducted. finally, labeling for irradiated foods is needed to provide the information and to further increase public understanding. Especially, the labeling should show the definite reason why irradiation is being used. In conclusion, recently, under the circumstances that the commercial utilization of food irradiation and irradiation for the import and export products have been increased in many countries, many efforts are needed to improve the quality of irradiated foods, and prove the safety of them in Korea. In addition, consumer education for food irradiation should be given to help consumers to make decision for food purchase and use.