• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 1999

Essential metabolic functions have been identified for seven macrominerals (calcirum, phosprorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur), and eight microminerals (cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc). Major functions for each of these minerals are summarized. Considerable research suggests that chromium is also essential and that it functions by facilitating insulin activity. Studies are reviewed which indicate that chromium supplementation of animal diets may: 1) increase glucose removal from blood, 2) reduce carcass fat and increase lean in nonruminants, 3) alter egg cholesterol content, and 4) enhance immunity and disease resistance in ruminants. A number of other minerals including nickel, boron, vanadium, arsenic, silicon, lithum, and lead have been reported to be essential, but specific metabolic functions have not been defined for any of these elements. Limited research in poultry suggests that boron may be of practical significance in some instances.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1558-1562
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• 2007

To elucidate the influence of pipe materials on the VBNC (viable but nonculturable) state and bacterial numbers in drinking water, biofilm and effluent from stainless steel, galvanized iron, and polyvinyl chloride pipe wafers were analyzed. Although no HPC (heterotrophic plate count) was detected in the chlorinated influent of the model system, a DVC (direct viable count) still existed in the range between 3- and 4-log cells/ml. Significantly high numbers of HPC and DVC were found both in biofilm and in the effluent of the model system. The pipe material, exposure time, and the season were all relevant to the concentrations of VBNC and HPC bacteria detected. These findings indicate the importance of determining the number of VBNC cells and the type of pipe materials to estimate the HPC concentration in water distribution systems and thus the need of determining a DVC in evaluating disinfection efficiency.

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.813-818
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• 1997

In this study the thin film air core and magnetic core inductors consisting of planar coil and/or CoNbZr amorphous magnetic layers on a Si substrate were fabricated as spiral type by using rf magnetron sputtering and wet etching methods. The etchant solution was achieved by iron chloride solution(17.5 mol%) mixed with HF (20 mol%) during 150 sec which etched Cu films and CoNbZr/Cu/CoNbZr multi-layer films. They were about 10${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ of thickness and 10$\times$10 mm$^2$of size. The properties of thin film magnetic core inductor were 400 nH of Q value at 10 MHz and the resonance frequency was about 300 MHz.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.17
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• pp.1-19
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• 1996

Desalting methods for chloride ions from the excavated iron objects were studied. These methods were compared with room temperature and heating condition of treating solution. During the Desalting treatments the $Cl^-$concentration of the solution were measured regularly and the plotted for $Cl^-$concentrations the square root of time, heating methods showed that the $Cl^-$ ions are more extracted. For the desalting treatments these plots were found to be flattening line, it was showed the changing second solution. Also, the changing solution in the room temperation detected less $Cl^-$ ions of heating treatment solution. As the examination for the relative humidity has compared for desalting objects during 8 days, it was showed a re-corroded appearance of R.H90%. As it did not detected a $Cl^-$ ions of re-corroded section, these phenomena were showed the naturally occuring corrosion of the objects in the high relative humidity.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2009

This study investigated improvement to sludge dewaterability and coagulation for sewage treatment plant sludge by using sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl), ferric sulfate [$Fe_2(SO_4)_3$] and zeolite. The specific resistance to filtration(SRF), chloride, pH and turbidity were used to evaluate the sludge dewatering behaviors. The results of study were as follows: By varying the amount of NaOCl added the optimum result in terms of enhancement for pretreatment occurred when 34 mg/l of NaOCl was injected. When the total solids concentration of the sludge was 10,000 mg/l, the optimum ferric sulfate dosage for the sludge dewaterability was 150 mg/l and the corresponding SRF was $1.7{\times}10^7sec^2/g$. It was observed that injecting zeolite into sludge was effective in improving the dewaterability of sludge.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1493-1499
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• 2001

This paper investigated the dyeabiltiy and surface color of Han Jee dyed with Gardenia extract after mordanted with mordants under the various dyeing conditions. The results obtained were as follows 1) λmax of the dyeing Han Jee dyed with Gardenia appeared at 660 and 710nm. 2)K/s value of dyeing Han Jee was increased when dyeing condition, temperature, time was higher. 3) Surface color of Han Jee with mordants changed differently according to the mordants used : 3.2Y by Aluminum acetate, 2.0GY by Copper sulfate, 9.5YR by Iron sulfate. 3.4Y by Tin chloride, and 4.5Y by non-mordanting.

• Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.358-365
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• 2006

In this study, fragility curves of continuous buried pipelines subjected to transverse PGD (permanent ground deformation) due to liquefaction are proposed. For the waterworks system, continuos buried pipelines made of ductile iron, poly ethylene, and poly vinyl chloride are analyzed and fragility curves are drawn. Fragility curves are based on the repetitive analyses results and formulated with the dominant factors of behaviour of buried pipeline. With the use of fragility curves, engineers can estimate the status of damage of buried pipeline without overall knowledge of relevant features. Especially, fragility curves proposed in this study will act as a major module of earthquake loss estimation method. Moreover, critical value of magnitude and width of transverse PGD (by which the full damage status of buried pipelines are induced) are estimated. With the use of regression curves of these values, pre evaluation of seismic safety of buried pipelines located within liquefaction hazardous region will be possible.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.444-449
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• 1993

Anaerobic oxidation of D-penicillamine by Fe(III) in acidic solution has been studied kinetically by the use of stopped-flow system. The reaction is biphasic with a rapid complexation of 1: 1 complex, $Fepen^+$ (pen= D-penicillamine dianion) which is then internally reduced to Fe(II) and disulfide. Rates of both the complexation and the redox process are pH dependent and also are affected by the presence of chloride ion. Different from the reaction of Cu(II) with D-penicillamine, partially oxidized mixed-valence complex is not formed even transiently in this reaction.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1269-1273
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• 1997

The system which employs iron, palladium, molecular oxygen and hydrogen as a model mono-oxygenase, has been investigated to develop a new method for selective cyclohexane oxidation uner mild conditions. This system provides much higher yield and selectivity for the formation of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone compared to that of the existing industrial method. When the catalytic system, FeCl2-Pd/alumina, was employed, the oxidation system required acetone as a solvent to be efficient and acidifying the solvent by a little addition of acetic acid or HCl made the system more efficient. The Pd catalyst was recyclable without a significant deactivation but the recycling of ferrous chloride showed the decrease in the activity. On the other hand, the heterogeneous catalytic system, Pd/Fe2O3 could be recovered easily and reused after drying treatment.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2023

In this study, the influence of pre-treatment(bleaching, mercerization by liquid ammonia and caustic soda) on cotton fabrics were investigated on dyeing Rubia cordifolia extracts. Aluminium Sulfate, Iron(Ⅱ) Sulfate Heptahydrate, Copper(Ⅱ) Sulfate Pentahydrate, Tin(Ⅱ) Sulfate, Manganese(Ⅱ) Chloride Tetrahydrate were used as mordanting agents. K/S value and washing fastnesses of the dyed cotton fabrics pretreated under different conditions were investigated. The K/S values were increased in the order of bleaching, liquid ammonia and mercerization pre-treatment. It was found that the pre-treatment conditions did not significantly affect the color change. The colorfastness to washing of most of all dyed fabrics were over grade 4 regardless of pre-treatment condition.