• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.224-233
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• 2018

Thirty-three Early Iron Age bronzes at the sites of Hoam-dong in Chungju and Cheongsong-ri in Buyeo were investigated in order to study the manufacturing technique and the provenance of lead. Chemical analysis using X-ray fluorescence showed that 33 bronzes consist of copper(Cu), tin(Sn) and lead(Pb) served as major elements. Major and minor elemental analyses by EPMA were performed on two mirrors and 2 weapons of the bronzes investigated. The results shows that bronze mirrors from Chungju and Buyeo were high-tin bronzes(> 30 wt%). And 20% of tin and 5% of lead were founded in bronze weapons. Iron, zinc, arsenic, silver, nickel, sulfur and cobalt detected in four bronzes as minor and trace elements. The four bronzes were alloyed considering their function and were not heat treated after casting due to their high tin content. Lead isotope analysis using TIMS indicates that thirty-three bronzes were distributed southern Korea peninsula except Zone 1. As a result, lead raw materials came from various regions in Korean Peninsula not from Gyeongsang-do regions. The manufacturing techniques of bronze ware generalized at this age, and bronze was produced in various sites using raw materials from various sources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.103-106
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• 1990

A balance study was conducted to determine the requirements of iron, copper, cobalt and manganese in crossbred calves. Six calves were fed milk average 10 percent of their body weight and were supplemented with 15 g mineral mixture daily. A balance trial was conducted at $2\frac{1}{2}$ months of age. The primary route of excretion was through digestive tract as 99.87, 80.99, 77.27 and 99.94 percent of Fe, Cu, Co and Mn were excreted through faeces. The requirements of Fe, Cu, Co and Mn were computed using the respective mineral balance data and were found to be 169.60, 7.20, 4.48 and 8.89 mg/kg respectively.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 1998

In this study, the food intake, feces and urine of 14 primary school age boys and girls were collected and intake and excretion of iron and zinc were measured. The boys and girls were 8-12 years old and measurement continued for four weeks during which they maintained their normal living pattern. Each boy's and girl's daily intake and excretion of iron and zinc were measured and apparent digestibility and balance were also calculated. The results are as follows. Mean daily intake of iron was $14.9\pm{0.6mg}$ for the boys and $12.4\pm{0.5mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily intake of zinc was $11.8\pm{1.2mg}$ for the boys and $11.5\pm{0.4mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of iron was $6.1\pm{0.3mg}$ and $58.8\pm{2.0%}$ for the boys and $6.8\pm{0.1mg}$ and $44.1\pm{2.0%}$ for the girls. Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of zinc was $9.3\pm{0.2mg}$ and $14.4\pm{5.1%}$ for the boys and $9.7\pm{0.4mg}$ and $14.3\pm{4.3%}$ for the girls. Mean daily urinary loss of iron was $1.1\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $7.86\pm{0.6mg}$ for the boys and $0.5\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $5.14\pm{0.4mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily urinary loss of zinc was $0.5\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $1.03\pm{0.6mg}$ for the girls.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2016

This study was conducted to observe the association between antioxidant enzyme activity, free iron content and lipid oxidation of Korean native chicken (KNC) meat during refrigerated storage. Four lines of KNC (Yeonsan ogye, Hyunin black, Hoengseong yakdak and Hwangbong) were raised under similar conditions. A total of 16 roosters were randomly sampled and slaughtered at the age of 12 mon. The breast and thigh meats were stored aerobically for 10 d at 4℃. Although thigh meat had higher antioxidant enzyme activity, it was more susceptible to lipid oxidation and released more iron during storage than breast meat. Aerobic refrigerated storage for 10 d significantly decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increased the amount of free iron and malondialdehyde. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were negatively correlated with lipid oxidation, whereas that of catalase was not. The amount of free iron was positively associated with lipid oxidation. We concluded that chicken line did not affect strongly on antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid oxidation in breast meat of KNC. However, the thigh meat of Hwangbong and Hyunin black had higher SOD and GSH-Px activity, respectively, and lower malondialdehyde contents than that of other chickens. SOD, GSH-Px and free iron play significant roles in meat lipid oxidation during refrigerated storage.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.152-161
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• 2019

Purpose: We examined the prevalence of anemia, annual screening for anemia, and treatment of anemia with iron among children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: A retrospective study of U.S. pediatric patients with IBD was performed in the MarketScan commercial claims database from 2010-2014. Children (ages 1-21) with at least two inpatient or outpatient encounters for IBD who had available lab and pharmacy data were included in the cohort. Anemia was defined using World Health Organization criteria. We used logistic regression to determine differences in screening, incident anemia, and treatment based on age at first IBD encounter and sex. Results: The cohort (n=2,446) included 1,560 Crohn's disease (CD) and 886 ulcerative colitis (UC). Approximately, 85% of CD and 81% of UC were screened for anemia. Among those screened, 51% with CD and 43% with UC had anemia. Only 24% of anemia patients with CD and 20% with UC were tested for iron deficiency; 85% were iron deficient. Intravenous (IV) iron was used to treat 4% of CD and 4% UC patients overall and 8% of those with anemia. Conclusion: At least 80% of children with IBD were screened for anemia, although most did not receive follow-up tests for iron deficiency. The 43%-50% prevalence of anemia was consistent with prior studies. Under-treatment with IV iron points to a potential target for quality improvement.

• BLOOD RESEARCH
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.314-319
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• 2018

Background Iron overload is a risk factor affecting all patients with thalassemia intermedia (TI). We aimed to determine whether there is a relationship of serum ferritin (SF) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) with liver iron concentration (LIC) determined by R2 magnetic resonance imaging (R2-MRI), to estimate the most relevant degree of iron overload and best time to chelate in patients with TI. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 119 patients with TI (mean age years) were randomly selected and compared with 120 patients who had a diagnosis of thalassemia major (TM). Correlations of LIC, as determined by R2-MRI, with SF and ALT levels, were assessed in all participants. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results SF and LIC levels were lower in patients with TI than in those with TM; only ferritin values were significant. We found a statistically significant relationship between SF and LIC, with cut-off estimates of SF in patients with TI who had splenectomy and those who entered puberty spontaneously (916 and 940 ng/mL, respectively) with LIC >5 mg Fe/g dry weight (P<0.0001). A significant relationship was also found for patients with TI who had elevated ALT level (63.5 U/L), of 3.15 times the upper normal laboratory limit, using a cut-off for LIC ${\geq}5mg\;Fe/g\;dry\;weight$. Conclusion We determined the cut-off values for ALT and SF indicating the best time to start iron chelation therapy in patients with TI, and found significant correlations among iron overload, SF, and ALT.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.686-695
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to assess the maternal iron status during pregnancy and to evaluate the relationships bet-ween the iron indices of maternal, umbilical cord serum, placenta and pregnancy outcomes. Venous bloods samples were drawn from 54 pregnant women just before delivery and cord bloods of their newborn babies were collected immediately after birth. And also, placental tissues were extracted. We investigated the difference of the iron status indices of maternal, umbilical cord serum and placental tissue between two gestational age group (PT group, NT group : preform delivery and normal term delivery at 34.9wk and 39.0wk of mean gestational length, respectively) and also assessed correlations of iron status indices of maternal, umbilical cord serum and placenta tissue. And lastly, we related between birth weight and iron status indices of maternal, umbilical cord serum and placental tissue. The concentrations of maternal serum ferritin and of placental iron were significantly higher in NT group (32.1 $\pm$ 21.1 ng/ml, 68.5 $\pm$ 16.7 $\mu$g/g), than those of NT group (20.8 $\pm$ 11.6 ng/ml, 53.2 $\pm$ 17.4 $\mu$/g) respectively (p<0.001). However the serum ferritin of umbilical cord were significantly higher in NT group (PT : 109.4 $\pm$ 65.7 ng/ml, NT : 147.0 $\pm$ 56.8 ng/ml) than those of PT group (p<0.05). Our results showed that a negative association between birth weight (r=-0.361) and maternal serum ferritin and that a positive association between birth weight and umbilical cord serum ferritin (r=0.261). Despite not a significant difference, there was tendency that highest concentration of maternal serum ferritin was associated with the lowest birth weight. These findings indicate that birth weight of newborn is dependent of multiple factors such as maternal iron status during pre-pregnancy, body size, general nutritional status. Although for women who enter pregnancy with low iron stores, enough intakes of iron during pregnancy could produce undesirable pregnancy outcome. Therefore we suggest for successful pregnancy outcome and delivery differential iron supplementation program will be carried out individual pregnant women on the basis of pre-pregnancy nutritional status.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.2 s.53
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• pp.153-163
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• 2006

Essential metals have been known to interact with non-essential toxic metals in the aspects of absorption, transport and deposition in the body. Iron deficiency has been reported to increase lead and/or cadmium absorption. The relation between iron and lead has been understood well in children but not in adults. Two hundred seventy adults (118 males and 152 females) were recruited from 3 different residental areas (rural, coastal and urban) to investigate the effects of environmental lead exposure on body iron status. The subjects were interviewed for life-style and diet of the last 24 hours, and measured for blood lead and body iron. The lead concentration in the whole blood was determined by a flameless method using an atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The body iron was evaluated with values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBCs, serum total iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity, total iron binding capacity and ferritin. The mean concentration of blood lead in adult was $3.31{\mu}g/dL$. The concentration was higher in male ($3.97{\mu}g/dL$) than in female ($2.86{\mu}g/dL$). The blood lead was influenced by residental area, life-style, smoking and drinking, occupation and diet habit of subjects, but not by age. A positive correlation was observed between the blood lead level and the serum iron or ferritin. These results suggest that environmental lead exposure in Korean adult may not be higher than other developed and developing countries. It is further indicated that blood lead in adult could be influenced by life-style, and environmental and genetic factors but no inverse relation with body iron as shown in children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.197-203
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• 1999

A total of 216 women of natural menopause over 40 years were interviewed to find the relationships among general environmental fctors, anthropometric measurements, daily nutrient intake, and BMD. The average age of the subjects was 54.0 years. Average ages of menarche and menopause were 16.7 years and 47.7 years, respectively. In general, energy and nutrients intake of the subjects were relatively low compared to the Korean recommended dietary allowances(RDA). Specifically, intakes of energy, protein, clcium, iron, and vitamin A were lower than Korean RDA, BMD levels of lumbar spin (LS), femoral neck(FN), ward's triangle(WT), and trochanter(TC) were significantly decreased wit age in descending order of LS, FN, TC, and WT BMD, accordingly. BMD levels of FN and TC of the subjects were higher compared to those of the same age but BMD levels of LS and WT were lower than those of the same age from the general population. For factors related to BMD levels, hight, weight, BMI, and hip circumference had positive correlations with BMD. On the other hand, menarche, and WHR had negative correlations with BMD. Protein, lipid, iron, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and niacin intake among factors related nutrient intakes were positively correlated with BMD levels. Based on the stepwise regression analysis, the factors and vitamin B1 intakes. Overall, BMD was decreased with age as can be expected. For those being tall, moderately weighed, and smaller waist circumference, BMD levels were high when the relationships of body characteristics and BMD levels were considered. The higher BMD levels were found for those with high intake of protein and vitamin B1. From the findings, it is suggested that the women after menopause keep the optimum body weight and good eating habits. Specially intakes of good quality protein, vitamin B1 seemed to be important.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the food behavior and nutrient intakes, and the analysis of constituent parts of blood related to iron nutrition conditions and to investigate the correlation between iron nutrition conditions and obesity. Each subject was assigned to one of such as normal(n=55) and obese groups(n=60) according to their obesity index. Their nutritional status, serum iron status were evaluated based in 24-hr dietary recalls, questionnaire and blood analysis. The mean age of the normal group(10.76 years) and that of the obese group(10.95 years) made little difference. The height(p<0.05), weight(p<0.001), and obesity index(p<0.001) in the obese group were higher than those of the normal group in every respect. The 63.55% of the subject of this study gave an answer 'They eat breakfast daily', and the frequency of eating breakfast made little difference. The average intakes of energy were 1669.44 kcal(84.19% of EER) in the obese group and 1673.59 kcal(86.72% of EER) in the normal group respectively, which made little difference between two groups. The intake of nutrients such as calcium and folate was as insufficient as below 75% of RI. The heme iron intake of the obese group was low that of the normal group(p<0.05). Among the major 20 iron resources the iron intake through animal food intake were 1.43 mg(12.00%) in the obese group and 1.93 mg(17.72%) in the normal group respectively. The rating of iron condition in the blood showed that the number of red blood cell(p<0.01), the hemoglobin(p<0.001), and hematocrit(p<0.01) of the obese group were lower than those of the normal group. These results suggest that there should be the right choice of food according to its bioavailability and nutritive guidance to appropriate food behavior, in addition to increasing iron intake to improve iron nutrition conditions of obese male elementary school students.