• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1438-1441
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• 2008

Throughout the history, the people of Iran have battled the dryness by innovations to preserve every drop of water that lands from the rare clouds, or from a stream flowing out of distant springs. Water is precious and held with highest respect, whether stored for drinking at an Ab-Anbar, or for washing and farming at the Houz in the middle of their oasis homes and orchards, or sourced at a Qanat spring or Jooy under ground. How it is that drinking water as cold as a mountain fall is found in desert of Iran? Ab-Anbar is an ancient means of water preservation and cooling through anunderground building structure. These underground structures have been present in Khorasan and other desert provinces of Iran as public or private water storage facilities, widely used before the installation of public plumbing systems in the late 1950s. Although many of these structures are still functional, most have been protected by government for restoration or viewing by the public as historical heritage. Khorasan natural dry climate and the massive surrounding deserts have been a breeding ground for many designs of Ab-Anbars. Today the existing number of such facilities stands in the province of Khorasan. Usually these structures were built in populated areas, also there are some forms of such structures on old trade routes and roadways leading to and from populated towns. This paper considers the history of Ab-Anbars in Khorasan as well as other relevant aspects such as types, components, construction methods and materials, filling and withdrawal systems.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9475-9478
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• 2014

Cancer is the third highest cause of premature mortality in Iran. We aimed to determine trend of common cancers in Khuzestan province, Iran. Methods: It was a hospital based survey on 4065 subjects from their hospital files, those had registered as cancer case in Shafa hospital which has known as a biggest center of cancer in khuzestan province, Iran during 2005-2011.All data has entered by SPSS (version 19), descriptive statistic and adjusted odds ratio of common cancers for age and sex were calculated from multiple logistic regression model. Results: From all subjects; (51% & 49%) were male and female respectively. The most frequent age group was 60-50 years and common cancers were breast 16%, colorectal 6.3%, blood 2%, lung 8% and stomach 8%. Conclusion: Prevalence of cancers has increased markedly with age in Khuzestan Providence. Therefore, it is essential to prevent through early prevention, using screening and identifying cases in initial stages.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2011

The use of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine (SP) for treatment of vivax malaria is uncommon in most malarious areas, but Plasmodium vivax isolates are exposed to SP because of mixed infections with other Plasmodium species. As P. vivax is the most prevalent species of human malaria parasites in Iran, monitoring of resistance of the parasite against the drug is necessary. In the present study, 50 blood samples of symptomatic patients were collected from 4 separated geographical regions of south-east Iran. Point mutations at residues 57, 58, 61, and 117 were detected by the PCR-RFLP method. Polymorphism at positions 58R, 117N, and 117T of P. vivax dihydrofolate reductase (Pvdhfr) gene has been found in 12%, 34%, and 2% of isolates, respectively. Mutation at residues F57 and T61 was not detected. Five distinct haplotypes of the Pvdhfr gene were demonstrated. The 2 most prevalent haplotypes were F57S58T61S117 (62%) and F57S58T61N117 (24%). Haplotypes with 3 and 4 point mutations were not found. The present study suggested that P. vivax in Iran is under the pressure of SP and the sensitivity level of the parasite to SP is diminishing and this fact must be considered in development of malaria control programs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.5165-5172
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• 2016

Background: Stomach cancer is one of the five most common cancers in Iran. This study examined the effectiveness of a mobile telephone short-message service (SMS) based-education intervention using Health Belief Model (HBM) variables in improving dietary behavior in terms of stomach cancer prevention among a sample of Iranian female college students. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 124 female college students in the dormitories of Yazd University, Yazd, Iran were randomly selected and assigned to either the intervention (n=62) or the control group (n=62). Information (data) regarding HBM variables and dietary behavior related to stomach cancer prevention was collected by a self-administrated questionnaire. Forty eight messages were designed and sent to the participants' phones in the intervention group during the 48-day intervention period. Two groups were followed-up one month after the intervention delivered via SMS. Results: There were significant differences in HBM variables (except for the perceived severity) and the preventive dietary behaviors for stomach cancer in the intervention group compared to the comparison group following the education intervention delivered via SMS. Conclusions: SMS-delivered nutrition education intervention can be a practical strategy to improve dietary behavior related to stomach cancer prevention.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.307-317
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• 2016

According to most of energy sector experts, at least in the next two decades, fossil energy plays important role in fulfilling required energy in the world. Based on these conditions, the investigation of the conditions of major countries providing natural gas in the world can be useful in analysis of future development of this clean fuel. According to the latest estimations of British Petroleum Company, Iran with 18.2% natural gas reservoirs has the first natural gas reservoirs in the world. The main purpose of this paper is developing scenarios of gas industry in Iran. To achieve the mentioned goals, besides investigation of existing methods of scenario design and existing production scenarios, natural gas export and consumption in Iran and the world in 2035, the most important scenarios of gas industry in Iran are formulated by critical uncertainty analysis approach using quantitative advanced time based impact analysis in 2035 horizon.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.45 no.2 s.142
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• pp.145-148
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• 2007

Only a few cases of Acanthocephala infections have been reported in humans, and Moniliformis moniliformis is the most common species around the world. We report here a case of infection with M. moniliformis, which passed in the stool of a 2-year-old girl in Iran. The patient had abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and facial edema. According to her mother, the patient had habit of eating dirt and once a cockroach was discovered in her mouth. In stool examination, eggs of M. moniliformis were not found. She was treated with levamisole and the clinical symptoms reduced within 2 weeks. The specimen contained 2 pieces of a female worm with a total length of 148 mm lacking the posterior end. The spiral musculature of the proboscis receptacle and the shape of the trunk allowed its generic determination. Previously 2 cases of M. moniliformis infection were reported in Iran. This is the 3rd case of M. moniliformis infection in Iran.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2013

Leishmania tropica is one of the causative agents of leishmaniasis in humans. Routes of infection have been reported to be an important variable for some species of Leishmania parasites. The role of this variable is not clear for L. tropica infection. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of route of L. tropica infection on the disease outcome and immunologic parameters in BALB/c mice. Two routes were used; subcutaneous in the footpad and intradermal in the ear. Mice were challenged by Leishmani major, after establishment of the L. tropica infection, to evaluate the level of protective immunity. Immune responses were assayed at week 1 and week 4 after challenge. The subcutaneous route in the footpad in comparison to the intradermal route in the ear induced significantly more protective immunity against L. major challenge, including higher delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, more rapid lesion resolution, lower parasite loads, and lower levels of IL-10. Our data showed that the route of infection in BALB/c model of L. tropica infection is an important variable and should be considered in developing an appropriate experimental model for L. tropica infections.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.49-74
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• 2017

What are some of the explanations for cross-national diversity of foresight performance among technological followers? Why are some countries more successful than others in learning how to develop national innovation system foresight? This paper argues that the answers are linked to organizational capacities at three different levels: governmental, policy network and social learning. To corroborate this argument, the paper chose Iran and Korea as benchmarking partners, and attempts to find out what makes Iran a slow learner in building innovation system foresight. The conceptual model is an improved model of Saritas's, by integrating Borras' and Andersen's conceptions and classifications. The data are collected from comprehensive interviews in both countries and second-hand data of international indexes. The paper, finally, concludes that it is the weakness of analytical-systemic capacity that impedes and delays the emergence of systemic foresight in Iran, and that this weakness stems from the adverse impacts of the dominant institutions, surrounding the innovation system. The final point is that it is not sufficient for Iran to learn the methods and techniques of foresight from Korea. It should learn how to open its macro-policy towards the global market and design appropriate industrial strategy in a coherent policy-strategy portfolio.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

Nowadays learning has developed to a new way of anywhere and anytime by using mobile devices called m-learning which can provide flexibility, independency and creativity in academic environment. Most studies about m-learning are for higher education and the most users of m-learning are higher education students. Although developed countries are using m-learning in educational sectors, most of the Middle East countries are far from m-learning, and facing number of challenges. In Iran m-learning is still in early stage of implementation in higher education and in terms of technical and infrastructural aspects there is a vast gap in compare with developed countries. Although technical and infrastructural difficulties are one of the significant aspects in implementation and integration of m-learning technologies in education, the technology will not be successful if could not adopt with users. Due to the importance of user adoption with m-learning, there are limited studies about m-learning adoption in higher education of Iran. This paper attempts to review on technical and infrastructural aspects that facilitate m-learning which have effect on adoption of Iran higher education system. The review of the trend in the literature provides a reference for higher education institutes for decision making in developing m-learning for their students.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.33-33
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• 2023

In this article, the challenges of Iran and the world are compared to the management of available water resources. Especially in recent years, according to the climatic changes that have occurred all over the world and the changes in the rainfall patterns, and the corresponding changes in the management of water resources, the situation in Iran is being investigated. According to the available information, the amount of water on the planet is estimated to be about 1.36 billion cubic kilometers, which covers about 71% of the earth's surface. However, about 97.5% of the water in the world is salty ocean water and only 2.5% is fresh. Therefore, only 0.025% of the total water on the planet will be usable. According to United Nations statistics, 61% of the world's water consumption is in agriculture, 23% in industry, and 8% for drinking, household, and health purposes. Considering the large number of dams in Iran, only 6% of all dams are used to produce electric energy, which is a significant difference compared to the world (approximately 19%).