• Computers and Concrete
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.45-60
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• 2023

Concrete in water environment is easily subjected to the attack of leaching, which causes its mechanical reduction and durability deterioration, and the key to improving the leaching resistance of concrete is to increase the compaction of its microstructure formed by the curing. This paper performs a numerical investigation on the intrinsic relationship between microstructures formed by the hydration of cement and slag and leaching resistance of concrete in water environment. Firstly, a shrinking-core hydration model of blended cement and slag is presented, in which the interaction of hydration process of cement and slag is considered and the microstructure composition is characterized by the hydration products, solution composition and pore structure. Secondly, based on Fick's law and mass conservation law, a leaching model of hardened paste is proposed, in which the multi-species ionic diffusion equation and modified Gérard model are established, and the model is numerically solved by applying the finite difference method. Finally, two models are combined by microstructure composition to form an integrated curing-leaching model, and it is used to investigate the relationship between microstructure composition and leaching resistance of slag-blended cement pastes.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.289-290
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• 2000

산성비는 광역적인 오염현상으로 넓은 지역의 생태계 파괴를 가져온다는 점에서 주목되고 있다. 산성비중 강우성분은 계절적 변화의 폭이 크며, 지역적인 영향도 무시할 수 없다. 특히, 우리나라는 중국에 인접하여 대기오염물질 배출량이 큰 중국의 영향을 받기 쉬우며, 봄철 황사시 중금속, 황산화물의 농도가 증가한다. 또한, 해당지역의 대기질이나 강수량 등 기상조건에 의해 영향을 받는 지역이 다르므로 산성비 조성의 해석이 쉽지는 않다. (최금찬등, 1998) (중략)

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1443-1448
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• 1994

Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3-BaTiO3 solid solution was formed by mixed-oxide method. The phase during formation was analysed by XRD and formation mechanism was investigated. While heat-treating Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 composition, the first, Pb2Nb2O7 and Pb3Nb2O8 pyrochlore phases are formed, and finally Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 perovskite phase with containing Pb3Nb4O13 pyrochlore phase is obtained at 80$0^{\circ}C$. When Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 composition is modified with PbTiO3 which have strong ionic bonding and high tolerance factor, the amount of pyrochlore phase is decreased by increasing of stability in perovskite structure.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.225-229
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• 1990

Solubility Products of metal oxides, such as Al2O3 and UO2 in KCl-LiCl eutectic composition was calculated by using an exact an exact thermodynamic. The values for Al2O3 ThO2 and UO2 were found to be 2.51$\times$10-27, 4.97$\times$10-15and 2.17$\times$10-12in mole per liter basis at 743 K, respectively. The correlation of theoretical values with those of experiment were in good agreement. It is worth to note that the exact cycle method was proved to be satisfactory in making predictions of solubillities and also solubility products of sparingly soluble metal oxides in an ionic salt system.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.512-518
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• 1998

정적 광산란, 동적 광산란, 점성도 실험을 통해 수용액에서 안정한 콜로이드를 형성하는 폴리에틸렌계 아이오노머 입자의 질량평균분자량$(M_w)$, 관성회전반경$(R-g)$, 2차 비리얼계수$(A_2)$, 유체역학적 반경$(R-H)$, 크기 분포, 고유 점성도 등이 측정되었다. 측정값을 토대로 아이오노머 측기 조성에 따른 입자의 특성과 용액 거동을 조사하였다. 카르복시산염의 함량이 높은 아이오노머는 chain stiffness, $R-H$, $R-g$가 크고, 아마이드기 함량이 높은 아이오노머는 크기가 작고, 고분자 사슬이 조밀한 구조의 입자를 형성하였다. 또한 CMC 부근의 매우 묽은 농도 영역에서 확산계수와 점성도의 농도 의존성은 아마이드기가 도입된 아이오노머와 그렇지 않은 아이오노머에서 서로 상반되는 경향성을 보여, 수용액에서 형성된 아이오노머 입자간의 상호 작용이 아이오노머에 도입된 측기 조성에 따라 크게 달라짐을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 2003년도 International Symposium on Clean Environment
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• pp.79-84
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• 2003

The main objective of this study was to investigate the chemical characteristics of post-harvest biomass burning aerosols from field burning of barley straw in late spring and rice straw in late fall in rural area in Korea. 12-hr integrated intensive sampling of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ biomass burning aerosols had been conducted continuously at Gwangju, Korea 4-15 June 2001 and 8 October-14 November 2002. The fine and coarse particles of biomass burning aerosols were collected for mass, ionic, elemental, and carbonaceous species analysis. Average fine and coarse mass concentrations of biomass burning aerosols were measured to be 129.6, 24.2 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ in June 2001 and 47.1, 33.2 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ in October to November 2002, respectively. Exceptionally high level of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration up to 157.8 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ well above 24-hour standard was observed during the biomass burning event days under stagnant atmosphere condition. During biomass burning periods dominant ionic species were $Cl^{-}$, ${NO_3}^{-}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, and ${NH_4}^{+}$ in fine and coarse mode. In the fine mode $Cl^{-}$ and ${KCl}^{+}$ were unusually rich due to the high content of the semiarid vegetation. High OC values and OC/EC ratios were also measured during the biomass burning periods. Increased amount of fine aerosols with high enrichment, which were originated from biomass burning of post-harvest agricultural waste, resulted in extremely severe particulate air pollution and visibility degradation in the region. Particulate matters from open field burning of agricultural wastes cause great adverse impact on local air quality and regional climate.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.707-716
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• 1998

The chemical characteristics of precipitation was investigated in Pusan area. Samples were collected from January to November in 1996 at 4 sites, and analyzed pH, major soluble ionic components(C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , S $O_4$$^{2-}$, N $a^{+}$, $K^{+}$, N $H_4$$^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$). The order of anion and cation concentrations for the initial precipitation were C $l^{[-10]}$ ＞ S $O_4$$^{2-}$ ＞ N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , and $Ca^{2+}$ ＞ N $a^{+}$ ＞ N $H_4$$^{+}$ ＞ $Mg^{2+}$ ＞ $K^{+}$, respectively. At coastal sites(P1 and P2) C $l^{[-10]}$ and N $a^{+}$ of maritime sources (seasalt) were high, but at inland sites(P3 and P4) nss-C $a^{2+}$ and nss-S $O_4$$^{2-}$ were high. Calcium ion for the initial precipitation showed high value of enrichement factor(EF) relative to seawater composition. The contribution of seasalt to the composition of precipitation was higher at bite P1 (53.5%) than those of the other sites. Throughout the year the concentrations of major ions for the initial precipitation were low in the heavy rain season. The mean pH for the initial precipitation was 5.4 and showed the negative relationship with the precipitaion amount. The S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ do not play an important role in rain acidification due to the high(97%) neutralizing effect of amonia and calcium species.and calcium species.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2003

The major ionic components of precipitation collected at the 1100 Site of Mt. Halla and Jeju city have been determined. The reliability of the analytical data was verified by the comparison of ion balances, electric conductivities and acid fractions; all of their correlation coefficients were above 0.94. Ionic strengths lower than $10^{-4}$ M were found in 53% of the 1100 Site samples and 28% of the Jeju city samples. Compared with other inland areas, the wet deposition of $Na^+,\;Cl^-\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ was relatively larger, but that of $NH_4^+,\;nss-SO_4^{2-}$(non-sea salt sulfate) and $NO_3^-$ was lower. Especially the wet deposition increase of $Ca^{2+}$ in the spring season supports the possibility of the Asian Dust effect. The acidification of precipitation was caused mostly by $SO_4^{2-}\;and\;NO_3^-$ in the Jeju area, and the organic acids have contributed only about 7% to the acidity. The neutralization factors by NH₃were 0.47 and 0.48, and that of CaCO₃was 0.31 and 0.25 at the 1100 Site and Jeju city, respectively. Investigation into major influencing sources on precipitation components by factor analysis showed that the precipitation at the 1100 Site had been influenced mostly by an anthropogenic source, followed by soil and seawater sources. The precipitation at Jeju city was mainly influenced by oceanic sources, followed by anthropogenic and soil sources.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2004

Poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)와 epoxy diacrylate(EDA) 및 금속염인 LiClO_4$를 블렌드하고 자외선 가교시킴으로써 이온전도특성을 나타내는 고체 전해질을 제조하고, 제조된 전해질의 이온 전도도를 블렌드조성 염농도 및 온도 변화에 따가 측정하였다. PEO/EDA의 조성비가 70/30 wt%이고 ethylene $oxide/Li^+$의 몰비가 10인 전해질이 $25^{\circ}C$에서 $1.2{\times}10^{-5} S/cm$에 달하는 높은 이온전도도를 나타내었다. 제조된 전해질 필름은 투명하였으며 고무와 같은 탄성을 나타내었다. DSC, XRD 및 편광현미경을 이용한 모폴로지 분석으로부터 에폭시 사슬이 PEO의 결정화를 억제함으로써 완전히 무정형인 블렌드를 제조할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.727-736
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• 2016

The ambient mass concentration and chemical composition of the $PM_{2.5}$ were determined at the highland site with 1,100 m above sea level on Jeju Island from June 2013 to November 2014. Yearly averaged mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was $11.97{\pm}8.63{\mu}g/m^3$. $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were highest during the spring, while they tended to be lowest during the summer. Eight water soluble ionic species attributed 45.5% to $PM_{2.5}$ mass. $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$ were major ions, which occupied to 27.9%, 3.7% and 12.3%, respectively. The greatest contributors to total mass concentration of water-soluble ions contained in $PM_{2.5}$ were sulfate, ammonium and nitrate. These three ions accounted for 96.6% in total ions mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$. We could infer that these three secondary ions exist mostly in the form of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$. $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ had a good relationship and with r=0.9. The molar ratio of $Mg^{2+}/Ca^{2+}$ in this study was lower than the value observed in sea water and higher than that in soil dust, indicating that these two ions originated from other sources rather than ocean and soil dust in this study.