• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2008

Enhanced machine reliability has dramatically reduced the rate and number of railway accidents but for further reduction human error should be considered together that accounts for about 20% of the accidents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to suggest a new taxonomy of performance shaping factors (PSFs) that could be utilized to identify the causes of a human error associated with railway accidents. Four categories of human factor, task factor, environment factor, and organization factor and 14 sub-categories of physical state, psychological state, knowledge/experience/ability, information/communication, regulation/procedure, specific character of task, infrastructure, device/MMI, working environment, external environment, education, direction/management, system/atmosphere, and welfare/opportunity along with 131 specific factors was suggested by carefully reviewing 8 representative published taxonomy of Casualty Analysis Methodology for Maritime Operations (CASMET), Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM), Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), Integrated Safety Investigation Methodology (ISIM), Korea-Human Performance Enhancement System (K-HPES), Rail safety and Standards Board (RSSB), $TapRoot^{(R)}$, and Technique for Retrospective and Predictive Analysis of Cognitive Errors (TRACEr). Then these were applied to the case of the railway accident occurred between Komo and Kyungsan stations in 2003 for verification. Both cause decision chart and why-because tree were developed and modified to aid the analyst to find causal factors from the suggested taxonomy. The taxonomy was well suited so that eight causes were found to explain the driver's error in the accident. The taxonomy of PSFs suggested in this study could cover from latent factors to direct causes of human errors related with railway accidents with systematic categorization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.86-98
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• 1996

This study is intended to revaluate old tree, five of the shot of the Natural Monument and 66 shot trees under protection in the city at present. The study covers distribution, management of usage, investigation and research into various matters relating to the situation of old trees in Pusan. Because 60% of the old trees selected for protection is on private land, citizens have difficulty gaining access to them. Also space for growth is impinged on by various urban facilities. Some trees have problems of growth because the land is covered with cement and asphalt. As regards space for old trees, many places have been destroyed due to the lack of protection fences and the failure to establish a guidance board. Only 40% of the space has been set aside for rest. In these places the establishment of rest areas, benches and handy chairs is needed. And there are 20 holy places where people observe religious ceremonies. As for space security necessary for old trees according to trunk width, the minimum trunk width and availale area needed are more than 1:1.5, but less than 30% have the necessary space. The growth of many old trees is threatended because of the small apace for growth. The prescription of the boundary space is divided between inside and outside. This indicates the domain nature and space rank of the old tree. It can be classified into five forms for research purposes. The elements for prescription of critical space outside are connected with the security of space, and the elements relating to inside space portray the conditions for sensitive growth according to the institution and the ground conditions. The open and closed nature of old tree space has some connection with the relationship between usage and the intimacy of the user. Most of the spaces for old trees can't be used or are difficult to gain access to, so it is necessary to secure enough space for them. The 18 places, despite having easy access, are near farmland, hills or forest. So the intimacy factor is low, and the security of space of the old trees is not generally sufficient. Henceforth, it will be necessary to have security of area for old trees as well as maintenance control to protect them. Also the space should be used as a communal and recreation are in the city. It is the time to construct a landscaped area which people can easily approach, a place with a secure entrance where they can play, rest and converse.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.129-138
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• 2014

After global economic crisis, China has become one of the two pillars in the global economies and the country contributing to the Korean economy. Nevertheless, the research on Chinese financial market, particularly capital market, is rare to date. This study examined the growth enterprise market that emergedat the Shenzhen stock exchange and made comparative analysis on before and after listing for the Chinese small and medium sized firms and venture firms. The listing requirements at the Chinese growth enterprise market for the technologically innovative venture firms and fast-growing small and medium sized firms with financing purpose were more alleviated than the main board of Shenzhen stock exchange. Moreover, the listing procedures are simplified as well. Accordingly, many Chinese enterprises tend to list and the competition for listing is also intense. In particular, with the 36 initially listed firms at growth enterprise market as the research target, the investigation for the business performance before and after listing reveals that the three indexes including return on common equity, debt ratio and operating profit growth rate dropped dramatically for most all the firms. That is, the profitability and growth for the venture firms and small and medium sized firms listed on the Chinese growth enterprise market decreased rapidly after going public, only the stability improved due to the great financing. Taking a step forward, this phenomenon may result from the exaggerated reporting for the business performance before listing with the purpose of going public by the venture firms and small and medium sized firms. Thus, Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission should strengthen the accounting evaluation standard and regulation for the listing firms before going public. In addition, strict sanctions should be imposed on the firms with fraudulent accounting to establish healthy capital market.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 1998

The structure, dimensions, condition and other characteristics of the Koryo Buddhist Canon (the Koreana Tripitaka) Printing Wood Blocks stored at the Haein-sa Monastery were surveyed to obtain basic data needed for the conservation of the Wood Blocks. The dimensions of the Wood Blocks Were measured and we could figured out the blueprint designed at the time of the carving the Wood Blocks. The dimensions of the wooden board were as follows: width, 8'chi'('cun' in Chinese, 24 cm);thickness, 1 'chi' (3 cm); length, 2'cha' ('chi' in Chinese) and 3 'chi' (68 cm) or 2 'cha' and 6 'chi' (78 cm). The dimensions of the end pieces were as follows: width, 1 'chi' and 5 'fun' (4.5 cm; thickness, 1 'chi' and 4 'fun' (4 cm); length, 8 'chi' and 2-4 'fun' (24.6-25.2 cm). There were 6 types of metal strips and the length of the nails employed was 1 'chl' (3 cm). Investigation on the differences in the length of the wood Blocks and the shapes of the metal strips will be of interest. Since we surveyed only small portion of the Wood Blocks. the result may be different if entire Wood Blocks were examined. The data acquisition of the entire Wood Blocks will be the basis to the conservation of the Wood Blocks.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 1998

ursing as a profession is characterized by its holistic, mind-body-spirit approach to the patient. Also, nurses have historically been the leaders in health education and promotion. Parish nursing has a great potential for providing primary preventive health care. services as well as assisting people to access the health care system. While working in the community, parish nurses see the church as the new arena for delivering health care services. The parish nurse program was introduced by Granger Westberg in 1984. The concept of parish nursing is based on several beliefs; health is multidimensional and affects all aspects of an individual-physical, psychological, social, and spiritaul being. Parish nursing is one model in which churches can cooperatively work with health care institutions to address the needs of their parishioners. The role of the parish nurse is emphasized in four basic area: a) health education, b) health counseling, c) referal services, and d) facilitation and organization of support groups within the congregation. The parish nurse programs work chiefly in congregation or commuity where a certain language of faith is ready at hand. This means that the parish nurse works in an ecology of meanings and care which encourages the drawing on the message of God's grace, the practices and habits it encourages. The parish nurse may be involved in the church's health ministries and may work on either paid or volunteer basis; however, one of the most important qualification of the parish nurse is to have the nursing knowledge and skills to practice within the standards of Nursing Practice Act. The completion of standards of practice for professional nurses practicing as parish nurses had been identified as a priority by the HMA Executive Board (1996, HMA). In conclusion, parish nursing promotes health and healing by empowering the faith community, family, or individual to incorporate health and healing practices. There are several preconditions that should proceed to establish the foundation for successful development of the parish nursing program in Korea. First, reciprocal relationship with home health nursing should be considered. Second, correct terms and concepts of parish nursing should be studied and understood. Third, systematic study and investigation should be followed for further development of parish nursing. Fourth, strengths and weaknesses of different models should be studied to develop proper model of parish nursing for Korean situation. Finally, consensus of standardized education program and corporation with various religious communities as well as health institutions should be established. When these preconditions are met, the role of parish nursing as a new program for the promotion of holistic health will be established.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_1
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• pp.1055-1066
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• 2018

Vegetation indices on the basis of optical characteristics of vegetation can represent various conditions such as canopy biomass and physiological activity. Those have been mostly developed with the large-scaled applications of multi-band optical sensors on-board satellites. However, the sensitivity of vegetation indices for detecting vegetation features will be different depending on the spatial scales. Therefore, in this study, the investigation of photochemical reflectance index (PRI), known as one of useful vegetation indices for detecting photosynthetic ability and vegetation stress, under the three spatial scales was conducted using multi-spectral camera installed in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV),field spectrometer, and leaf reflectometer. In the leaf scale, diurnal PRI had minimum values at different local-time according to the compass direction of leaf face. It meant that each leaf in some moment had the different degree of light use efficiency (LUE). In early growth stage of crop, $PRI_{leaf}$ was higher than $PRI_{stands}$ and $PRI_{canopy}$ because the leaf scale is completely not governed by the vegetation cover fraction.In the stands and canopy scales, PRI showed a large spatial variability unlike normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). However, the bias for the relationship between $PRI_{stands}$ and $PRI_{canopy}$ is lower than that in $NDVI_{stands}$ and $NDVI_{canopy}$. Our results will help to understand and utilize PRIs observed at different spatial scales.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.45-56
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• 2021

Demand for UAM (Urban Air Mobility) aircraft is rapidly increasing in countries around the world due to the problem of traffic congestion in urban areas. Through research and development, various e-VTOL aircraft concepts are being prepared for commercialization, for which airworthiness certification is required, since it is a manned transportation mode for people to board. Factors that pose a fatal threat to the safe operation of UAM aircraft include lightning strikes that can cause damage to structures and disturb the navigation system, as well as icing that impairs flight stability. Since the current UAM aircraft-related lightning and icing certification technology development is insufficient, there is need to develop appropriate airworthiness certification guidelines. In this study, after analyzing the laws and regulations related to aircraft by the FAA and the EASA, we tried to incorporate the lightning and icing certification guidelines for the UAM aircraft. We also analyzed the effects of lightning and icing on UAM aircraft using computational simulation, and presented the basis for establishing practical guidelines for the certification of UAM aircraft to be adopted in the future.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.351-364
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• 2021

Purpose: Fire load analysis was conducted to secure basic data for evaluating fire risk of educational facilities. In order to calculate the fire load through a preliminary survey, basic data related to the fire load of school facilities were collected. Method: The basic data were the definition and types of fire loads, combustion heat data for the calculation of fire loads. The fire load was evaluated by multiplying the combustion heat by the weight of the combustibles in the compartment when calculating the fire load. Result: As for the fixed combustible materials of A-elementary school, the floor was mainly made of wood, in consideration of emotion and safety in the classroom, music room, and school office, and the rest of the compartments were made of stone. The ceiling and walls were made of gypsum board and concrete, so they were not combustible. The typical inflammable items in each room were desks, chairs, and lockers in the classroom, and the laboratory equipment box and experimental tool box were the main components in the science room, and books, bookshelves, and reading equipment occupied a large proportion in the library room. Conclusion: 'The fire loads of A-elementary' schools according to the combustibles loaded were in the order of library, computer room, English learning room, teacher's office, general classroom, science hall, and music room.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.23-35
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• 2022

Recently, passengers using public transport are concerned about the effects of COVID-19 and fine dust. Therefore, from February 2020 to February 2021, we investigated whether SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected even after disinfection in 55 public transportation places visited by confirmed patients in Seoul. 34 air samples and 702 object surface samples were collected and tested with RT-PCR, one surface sample was positive. In addition, preemptive investigations were conducted in 22 subway trains that passengers were being on board at that time. 1,018 preemptive tests were performed, and all were negative. Although PM-2.5 is dangerous in itself, it can be a potential carrier of viruses. It seemed that a solution was needed as one line continuously exceeded the criteria of PM-2.5. Through this study, it is judged that cluster infection in public transportation can be prevented if efforts to reduce the concentration of fine dust, appropriate disinfection management, and personal disinfection such as wearing a mask in public transportations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.78-88
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• 2022

Objectives: To develop the smart sensor to protect worker's health from chemical exposure by adopting ICT (Information and Communications Technology) technologies. Methods: To develope real-time chemical exposure monitoring system, IoT (Internet of Things) sensor technology and regulations were reviewed. We developed and produced smart sensor. A smart sensor is a system consisting of a sensor unit, a communication unit, and a platform. To verify the performance of smart sensors, each sensor has been certified by the Korea Laboratory Accreditation Scheme (KOLAS). Results: Chemicals (TVOC; Total Volatile Organic Compounds, Cl₂: Chlorine, HF: Hydrogen fluoride and HCN: Hydrogen cyanide) were selected according to a priority logic (KOSHA Alert, acute poisoning statistics, literature review). Notifications were set according to OEL (occupational exposure limit). Sensors were selected based on OEL and the capabilities of the sensors. Communication is designed to use LTE (Long Term Evolution) and Wi-Fi at the same time for convenience. Electronic platform were applied to build this monitoring system. Conclusions: Real-time monitoring system for OEL of hazardous chemicals in workplace was developed. Smart sensor can detect chemicals to complement monitoring of traditional workplace environmental monitoring such as short term and peak exposure. Further research is needed to expand the scope of application, improve reliability, and systematically application.