• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.753-761
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• 2024

Introduction: In this study, TLD 600 and TLD 700 pairs were used to measure the neutron dose of Elekta Precise medical linac. To this end, the optimum moderate thickness for the conversion of fast to thermal neutrons were evaluated. Materials and methods: ²⁴¹Am-Be and ²⁵²Cf sources were simulated to calculate the optimum thicknesses of the moderator for the conversion of maximum fast neutrons (FN) into thermal neutrons (TN). Pair TLDs were used to measure F&TN doses for three different field sizes at four depths of the medical linac. Results: The maximum thickness of the moderator was optimized at 6 cm. The measurement results demonstrated that the TN dose increased with the expansion of field size and depth. The FN dose, which was converted TN, exhibits behaviors comparable to the TN due to its nature. Conclusion: This study presents the optimum thickness for the moderator to convert FN into TN and measure F&TN using TLDs.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.252-260
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• 2002

Introduction Urticaria is widely spread disease. About 15-20 $\%$ of population has experienced at least once in a life time. The etiology of urticaria is uncertain till now, and the affcting factors are various chemical material, physical factors, alcohol, fever, exercise, and hormone, etc. The symptoms of urticaria are small or large wheal-erythema reaction and itching or tingling sense. Cause there is no probe to detect the urticaria clearly, the treatment of urticaria is symptomatic. And mostly urticaria can be chronic and very hard to treat it fundamentally. Nowadays, many trials to treat the urticaria in oriental medical way show good curability. In this paper I'd like to report the treatment rate and degree of urticaria patients mostly using anti-histamine medication. Subjects From the outpatients who visited Korean Hospital of Kyunghee Kangnam during 2000-4 and 2002-1, the 36 chronic urticaria patients, at least more than 4 weeks from onset and 2weeks of treatment period, were chosen. Methods I evaluated the results of treatment with the following scale. Very Good: The all symptoms are clearly disappeared or one third of symptoms remain and sometimes eruption is appeared. Good: Half of the symptoms are improved but most of symptoms remain. No Change: No change appears before and after treatment. Worse: The degree and duration of eruption get worse than pre-treatment state. Results For Acupuncture treatment, I chose the several Acu points like Hapgok(합곡), Taichung(대충), Gokji(곡지), Yanggok(양곡), Yanggea(양계), and lmeup(족임읍), and usually lasted it 15 minutes. With the acupuncture treatment and herb medicine, 2-3 times a week, the patients whose treatment period was 2 to 4 weeks were 17(47.2$\%$), 4 to 8 weeks were 11(30.5$\%$), 8 to 12 weeks were 3(8.3$\%$), 12 to 16 weeks were 3(8.3$\%$), longer than 16 weeks were 2(5.5$\%$) Collecting the statistics of the frequency of prescripted herb medicine, Hyangsosan(향소산) was prescripted 21 times(58.3$\%$), Hyangsapyungwisan(향사평위산) was 15 times(41.6$\%$), Hwapisan(화피산) was 9 times(25$\%$), Yangwitang(양위탕) was 6 times(16.6$\%$), Bojungikkitang(보중익기탕가미) was 4 times(11.1$\%$), Yongdamsagantang (용담사간탕가미) was 4 times(11.1$\%$). The result of the treatments, evaluating with mentioned rate scale, was 11 cases(30.5$\%$) were Very Good degree, 19 cases(52.7$\%$) were Good , 6 cases(16.6$\%$) were No Change. No cases were Worse degree. Conclusion According to this research, we could say that chronic urticaria can be treated with Oriental medical methods. But more precise probes in both Oriental and Western medicine to diagnose the chronic urticaria should be established and we need to make standards for testing and diagnosing the chronic urticaria.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.12
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• pp.505-513
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• 2013

Because the prevalence of allergic diseases has significantly increased in recent years, understanding the causes and mechanisms of these disorders is of high importance, and intense investigations are ongoing. Current knowledge pinpoints immune tolerance mechanisms as indispensable for healthy immune response to allergens in daily life. It is evident that development and maintenance of allergen-specific T cell tolerance is of vital importance for a healthy immune response to allergens. Such tolerance can be gained spontaneously by dose-dependent exposures to allergens in nature or by allergen-specific immunotherapy. Allergen-specific immunotherapy induces regulatory T cells with the capacity to secrete interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-${\beta}$, limits activation of effector cells of allergic inflammation (such as mast cells and basophils), and switches antibody isotype from IgE to the noninflammatory type IgG4. Although allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only method of tolerance induction in allergic individuals, several factors, such as long duration of treatment, compliance problems, and life-threatening side effects, have limited widespread applicability of this immunomodulatory treatment. To overcome these limitations, current research focuses on the introduction of allergens in more efficient and safer ways. Defining the endotypes and phenotypes of allergic diseases might provide the ability to select ideal patients, and novel biomarkers might ensure new custom-tailored therapy modalities.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.237-242
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• 2002

It was found that the purified extract from A. gigas Nakai (polysaccharide, M.W., 25 kD) controled differentiating human ES cells. Its optimal supplementation concentration was decided as 0.8 $({\mu}g/ml)$ to efficiently control the differentiation. It also enhanced the cell growth, compared to the control. However, most widely used and commercially available differentiating agent, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) negatively affected on the cell growth even though it controls the differentiation of ES cells, down to 40-50 % based on morphological observation and telomerase activity. It was presumed that the extract first affected on cell membrane and resulted in controlling signal system, then amplify gene expression of telomere, which enhanced the telomerase activity up to three times compared to the control. LIF only increased the enzyme activity up to two times. It was confirmed that the extract from A. gigas Nakai could be used for substituting currently used differentiation controlling agent, LIF from animal resources as a cheap plant resource and not affecting the cell growth. It can broaden the application of the plants not only to functional foods and their substitutes but also to fine chemicals and most cutting-edge biopharmaceutical medicine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1991

Four pairs of draught oxen (two local and two Jersey crossbred) were studied when they ploughed dry land on local farms. Work done, distance traveled and body temperature of each ox were measured continuously over a 5 h working day. A different team worked each day, completing at least six days work each. Individual food intakes and digestibility of feed were measured when the animals were given rice straw and tree fodder, and housed and fed according to local husbandry practices. The Jersey crossbreds, particularly the longer legged type, had a higher rate of work than the local oxen in this study. They did significantly more work and covered a greater distance during the day. The absence of a hump in the crossbred oxen had no effect on the position of the yoke or the way the oxen pulled when ploughing. The longer legged type of Jersey crossbred tended to work more erratically than any of the other teams. A fast rate of work made the oxen more liable to heat stress. When fed according to local practices and given the same amount of feed as local oxen, Jersey crossbreds tended to do less well. During the ploughing months, the local oxen gained weight, while the crossbreds remained at the same or lost some weight. Although there were some disadvantages to keeping Jersey crossbreds for work, their favourable work output suggests that the introduction of the Jersey crossbred in the hills of Nepal is unlikely to be detrimental to the performance of the work oxen population.

• Journal of the Korean Medical Association
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• v.61 no.11
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• pp.649-654
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• 2018

Although the dermoscopy had very long history since its introduction in 17th century, only recently it has been possible to see the widespread application of dermoscopy in the dermatology clinic. One of the most promising areas where the dermoscopy can be applied is the diagnosis of skin cancer, especially malignant melanoma. Due to its inherent limitation to obtain in-depth information-literally, from more than skin-deep and more importantly, from microscopic structures-of skin cancers, dermoscopy cannot replace the present gold-standard 'biopsy' in the diagnosis of skin cancer. However, several advantages of dermoscopy over biopsy merit further considerations. For example, as a non-invasive tool, dermoscopy is best suited for the follow-up of suspicious skin lesions, and as an all-at-a-glance tool, dermoscopy can aid the selection of the best biopsy-site to obtain the most meaningful pathological information from the minimal tissue specimen. There goes a saying that 'it takes two to tango,' similarly, we might need the two (biopsy and dermoscopy) to cope rhythmically with the varying tempos of everprogressing skin tumorigenesis and to reveal the true face of skin cancers usually hidden in various disguises.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.515-519
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• 2010

Introduction: Bone defects in the jaw are frequently observed after odontogenic cyst enucleation. The success of bone healing appears to be related to the size of the bone defect, the anatomical location, the patient's age and other parameters. The use of bone grafting material is dependent on the operator's preference. No evidence-based definite treatment protocol has been established. This study evaluated the effect of a bone graft into the defect after odontogenic cyst enucleation. Materials and Methods: A total of 55 patients, who had been treated for an odontogenic cyst with cyst enucleation from 2000 to 2009 at the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, were included in this study. Patients who were followed-up for more than 1 year were included. Two groups were defined according to the bone graft (with or without a bone graft) after cyst enucleation. The differences in the healing periods and patterns of bone healing were compared clinically and radiologically. The postoperative 1 year radiographs were analyzed for bone healing and density. Statistical analysis was performed using a Pearson chi square test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results: More infection signs were observed in the bone graft group than in the other group, but there was no statistically significant difference. Radiographically, there was also no significant difference in the size of the radiolucent lesions between the two groups. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in healing between the groups with a bone graft and without bone graft after cyst enucleation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.645-653
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• 1999

Introduction : Although myocardial ischemia tends to occur more frequently than can he documented in ventilated patients, it has not been well studied on the factors related to the occurrence of the ischemia. Methods : To investigate the related factors to ischemia development, a prospective study was done in 95 cases with consecutive 73 patients who had received mechanical ventilation(MV) in MICU. In addition to 24 h holter monitoring, echocardiogram, electrolytes, cardiac enzymes, hemodynamic, and gas exchange measurements were done within 24 h after initiation of MV in 69 cases. The measurements were repeated at weaning period in 26 cases. The ischemia was defined by the ST segment changes; up-sloping depression more than 1.5 mm or down-sloping or horizontal depression more than 1.0 mm from isoelectric baseline for 80 ms following J point. Results : Twelve patients(12.6% in 95 cases) developed ischemia in total. The incidence of ischemia development showed an increased tendency in the initial 24 hr after MV (15.9%) and in patients with left-sided heart failure found by echocardiogram (18.2%) compared with that of the weaning period (3.8%) and patients without heart failure (10.9%) (P=0.12, P=0.09, in each). There were no differences in APACHE III score, baseline ECG findings, electrolytes abnormalities, use of inotropics or bronchodilators, presence of sepsis or shock, mode of ventilation, and survival rate according to the development of ischemia. Maximal heart rates and mean arterial pressure also were not different between patients with ($137.2{\pm}30.9/min$, $82.5{\pm}15.9$ mm Hg) and without ischemia ($l29.5{\pm}29.7/min$, $83.8{\pm}17.6$ mm Hg). Conclusion : Although the incidence of myocardial ischemia was 12.6% in total, there were no clinically predictable factors to the development of ischemia during mechanical ventilation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.183-193
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the program to promote drinking knowledge, attitudes, and coping behavior in preschool children. Methods: A quasi-experimental with non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was conducted. The participants were 123 five year old children from G city. They were assigned to the experimental group (n=77) or the control group (n=46). A pretest and posttest were conducted to measure main variables. For the experimental group, the drinking prevention program was given for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, and ANCOVA. Results: After the intervention, preschool children in the experimental group reported significant differences in drinking knowledge (F=9.25, p =.003), drinking attitudes (F=19.57, p<.001), and coping behavior (F=16.38, p<.001) compared to preschool children in the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that a drinking prevention program for preschool children is effective in increasing drinking knowledge, attitudes, and coping behavior. This drinking prevention program is recommended as an effective intervention for preschool age children to postpone an early introduction to drinking.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2012

An understanding of the history of laryngology is both interesting and useful for those in the field so this study attempts to uncover some of the interesting aspects of its history. The oldest reference of laryngology in the Orient is in the medical documents called the "Whangjainaekyung",(황제내경) which was written over a time period between 3000-4000 B.C., and described the laryngeal function of respiration, protection of the airway and phonation. In the West, a drawing that seems to portray a tracheostomy was found in medical tombs in the plains of Saqqara in Egypt. These drawings date from approximately 3600 B.C. A watershed in laryngology occurred when a spanish music professor named Manuel Garcia in first successfully used a mirror to inspect the larynx. Since that time, laryngology has developed relatively quickly and clinical laryngology made it possible by means of a number of favorable developments. Great advances in laryngological diagnosis and treatment has occurred since the 1970s thanks to improvements in technology leading to the introduction of an operating microscope, endoscopes and lasers. Despite our recent advances in laryngology, we still have not achieved uniformly favorable outcomes and there is much that we do not know. Our future promises continued advances in the field of laryngology such as gene therapy to improve wound healing and tissue engineering to allow the recreation of normal mucosa. In this review, I divide the history of the larynx into the past, present and future. In the last section, I described the history of laryngology in Korea briefly.