• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2016

This paper examines the effects of a universal childcare subsidy on childcare decisions and mothers' employment by using Korea's policy reform of 2012, which provided a full childcare subsidy to all children aged 0 to 2. I find that the introduction of a universal childcare subsidy increased the use of childcare centers by children aged 0-2, which led to less maternal care compared to that provided to children aged 3-4. However, the expanded subsidy had little effect on mothers' labor supply. Moreover, the policy effects vary by individual and household characteristics. The effects of the expanded subsidy are mainly found in low-income households and less educated mothers. Highly educated mothers and high-income households are likely to focus more on the quality of childcare service. These results imply that a simple reduction in childcare costs would bring only limited effects on mothers' time allocation behavior; thus, more attention should be paid to improving the quality of childcare services.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.311-322
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• 2013

High-Cr martensitic steel HT-9 is one of the candidate materials for advanced nuclear energy systems. Thanks to its excellent thermal conductivity and irradiation resistance, ferritic/martensitic steels such as HT-9 are considered for in-core applications of advanced nuclear reactors. The harsh neutron irradiation environments at the reactor core region pose a unique challenge for structural and cladding materials. Microstructural and microchemical changes resulting from displacement damage are anticipated for structural materials after prolonged neutron exposure. Consequently, various irradiation effects on the service performance of in-core materials need to be understood. In this work, the fundamentals of radiation damage and irradiation effects of the HT-9 martensitic steel are reviewed. The objective of this paper is to provide a background introduction of displacement damage, microstructural evolution, and subsequent effects on mechanical properties of the HT-9 martensitic steel under neutron irradiations. Mechanical test results of the irradiated HT-9 steel obtained from previous fast reactor and fusion programs are summarized along with the information of irradiated microstructure. This review can serve as a starting point for additional investigations on the in-core applications of ferritic/martensitic steels in advanced nuclear reactors.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.973-997
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• 2000

The carbon tax is one of several measures to reduce the green-house gases emitted from burning the fossil fuels, which has been much discussed internationally. The analyses of the effects of a carbon tax on individual countries have been carried out by applying the computable general equilibrium(CGE) models, especially models with the assumption of non-existence of scale economies. However, the introduction of scale economies to CGE models changes the simulation results drastically. In this paper, two CGE models are used to compute and compare the economic and $CO_2$ reduction effects of a carbon tax, one of with is the model with scale economies and the other is without scale economies. One of main results is that the analysis using the CGE model without scale economies may underestimate the effects of a carbon tax on GDP and reducing the emission of $CO_2$.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.169-188
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• 2004

A coupled damage-viscoplasticity model is presented for the analysis of localisation and size effects. On one hand, viscosity helps to avoid mesh sensitivity because of the introduction of a length scale in the model and, on the other hand, enables to represent size effects. Size effects were analysed by means of three-point bending tests. Correlation between the fracture energy parameter measured experimentally and the density fracture energy modelling parameter is discussed. It has been shown that the dependence of nominal strength and fracture energy on size is determined by the ligament length in comparison with the width of the fracture process zone.

• 공업화학
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.742-748
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• 2005

투명전극재료 indium tin oxide (ITO) 필름은 평판 디스플레이 전극재료로 널리 사용되고 있다. 이러한 ITO 필름은 마그네트론 스퍼터링법, 기상화학증착법 및 전자빔증착법 등의 방법으로 제조되어지고 있다. 본 실험에서는 전자빔 증착법으로 무게비로 $SnO_2$가 10%, $In_2O_3$가 90%인 ITO 타겟을 다른 플라스틱 기판보다 높은 유리전이 온도($Tg=330^{\circ}C$)를 가지는 polycyclic olefin polymer (POP) 플라스틱 기판에 증착시켰다. 본 연구에서는 ITO 박막의 물리적, 전기적 및 광학적 성질에 영향을 미치는 중요한 변수라 할 수 있는 기판온도와 산소도입속도가 증착된 ITO 박막의 전기적 및 광학적 성질에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 주요공정 변수로는 온도 및 산소도입속도에 중점을 두어 실험하였으며 그 결과 8 sccm (Standard Cubic Centimeter per Minute)의 $O_2$, $200^{\circ}C$의 기판 온도, $5{\AA}/sec$의 증착 속도에서 $1000{\AA}$으로 증착된 ITO 박막 두께에서 우수한 전기적 광학적 성질인 $1.78{\times}10^{-3}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ 비저항 및 85% 광투과율을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 대한신경집중치료학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.110-118
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• 2018

Background: The role of clinical pharmacists in medication therapy to improve clinical and economic outcomes has been reported in the literature. This study was conducted to analyze the changes in details of medication interventions before and after the introduction of clinical pharmacists into the care of neurocritical care unit (NCU) patients, and to evaluate the economic effects of clinical pharmacists by calculating the avoidance cost. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted reviewing the electronic medical records from June 2013 to May 2014 (before), and from June 2016 to May 2017 (after). We calculated the number and rates of intervention, the acceptance rates of it, and also reviewed the list of interventions. We calculated avoidance cost if there was no intervention. Results: The monthly mean number of interventions increased from 8.0 (${\pm}5.7$) to 31.7 (${\pm}12.8$) (P<0.001) and the frequency of intervention also increased from 0.8% to 1.6% (P=0.003). The most frequently provided pharmacist intervention was nutritional support before introduction of clinical pharmacists and discussions on the medication plan after. The number of classified interventions was 14 before introduction of clinical pharmacist services and 33 after. The calculated cost avoidance associated with a clinical pharmacists' integration was 77,990,615 won per year. Conclusion: Introduction of clinicals pharmacist into the NCU was associated with increased intervention rates and expanded types of clinical interventions. The cost avoidance achieved by the pharmacists' interventions can be further explored to evaluate if similar expansions of pharmacists' services achieve similar results in other settings.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of handwriting on the writing assessment, according to whether the handwriting is excellent or bad. Methods: A total of 24 elementary and middle school teachers participated in this study and assessed 6 original writings and 6 transcriptions of the same original writings using the HWP 2007 program. Six writings were collected from elementary students of 4th to 6th grades, 3 of 6 students presented with excellent handwriting and 3 of 6 with bad handwriting. The assessments were done according to the standards of propositional knowledge assessment (You & Jeong, 2008). Results: In the excellent handwritings, the rules of orthography and the contents of introduction of the original writings were scored higher than those in the transcriptions. The difference between transcription and original writing showed minus scores in original writing assessments and plus scores in transcription assessments. In the propositional knowledge score and its subscales scores - content knowledge, text knowledge, language knowledge and text context knowledge -, were differences in transcription assessments significantly higher than those in original writing assessments. Several assessment indices - clarity of the ending, contents of introduction, appropriate contents, rules of orthography, structured composition and various vocabularies showed significantly higher differences in transcription assessments than those in original writing assessments. Conclusions: The excellent handwriting could be assessed high and the bad handwriting could be assessed low. These results suggest that we should consider the effects of handwriting factors on the results of writing assessment and that the transcription could be used for an accurate writing assessment.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2012

This study introduces cases of individual feeding systems for sow and the sow sorters which are the subparts of an eco-friendly feeding and management system based on a u-IT program using the hog feeding and management information system. The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of economic feasibility on cases of the improvement of the system using the u-IT and to provide information on the positive effects of an introduction of an eco-friendly pigsty and hog feeding and management system to hog raisers and government officials. The literature review and background section examine the effects of the introduction of u-IT technology into the field of livestock raising, hog feeding and management information system, and the eco-friendly feeding and management system based on the u-IT. This paper will present the results of the analysis on the effects and the economic feasibility of the individual feeding system for sow and the sow sorter utilizing the u-IT technology and information systems. The results of this study will contribute to the sustainable development of the hog raising industry by showing that the new feeding and management system utilizing the u-IT can not only increase the efficiency and productivity of farm management but also contribute to efficient, eco-friendly hog feeding and management.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.551-559
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• 1992

폿트에서 벼멸구 성충을 접종하고 buprofezin 처리시기를 달리하였을 때, 접종성충에 미치는 영향 및 약처리시기에 따른 벼멸구 밀도억제효과를 약처리당시의 연령구성과 관련하여 조사하였다. Buprofezin (7.0 g a.i./10 a)은 벼멸구 수컷에 대해서 영향을 미치지 않았으며 갓 우화한 벼멸구암컷에 대해서 수명과 산란수의 감소효과가 있었으나 우화후 3일 이상 경과한 성충의 수명이나 산란수에는 영향을 미치지 않았으며 buprofezin 처리당시의 유충군 밀도는 약처리후 급격히 저하되었다. Buprofezin의 벼멸구개체군 밀도억제효과는 처리약량이 높을수록, buprofezin 처리당시 buprofezin의 약효지속효과내에 노출된 유충군의 비율이 높을수록 좋았는데 buprofezin 7.0 g a.i./10 a 처리의 경우 적정처리시기는 접종 18일후부터 접종후 제1세대 성충이 출현하기 직전까지 약 10일간이었다.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.91-113
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• 2022

Purpose In the era of the 4th industrial revolution, the introduction of unmanned stores is rapidly spreading throughout the entire distribution market. Unmanned stores are stores where consumers purchase products on their own through machines and not through contact with people. As there are no managers in unmanned stores, Servicescape is expected to have many effects on the purchasing behavior of consumers. Therefore, this study aims to observe the effect of Servicescape on consumer behavioral intentions. Design/methodology/approach This study wanted to look at the relationships among Servicescape in unmanned stores, utilitarian values, hedonic values, satisfaction, and continuous use intentions. The collected(n=211) from individuals who have experienced in using unmanned stores was analyzed with SmartPLS2.0 to test proposed hypotheses. Findings The research results are as follows. First, it was shown that the space, convenience, and comfortableness of Servicescape have positive effects on utilitarian value, and cleanliness did not have significant effects on utilitarian value. Second, it was shown that space and comfortableness had positive effects on hedonic value, and convenience and cleanliness did not have significant effects on hedonic value. Lastly, it was shown that utilitarian values and hedonic values have positive effects on satisfaction, and satisfaction was found to have positive effects on continuous use intentions.