• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.51-55
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• 1967

The mammary excretion of suphamethomidine after intravenous and/or oral administration was investigated in cow. The results show that sulphamethomidine is bound to plasma proteins to a great extent (80~90%). Ay a dosage of 60 mg./kg. maximal concenration in plasma of this sulphonamide was reached 7-10 hours after oral dosing. The sulphonamide concentration in plasma slowly declined after both oral and intravenous administration (fig. 1, 2, and 3) The concentration of sulphonamide in milk was very low and the excretion was completed in 7 days after a single oral dose and 5 days after intravenous injection while in the case of blood plasma it was 11 and 7 days, respectively. In addition, the renal excretion of sulphamethomidine was investigated while under continuous intravenous intravenous infusion. The excretion ratios varies according to self depression (table. 1). Blockade of the tubular secretion with diodone lowered the excretion of sulphamethomidine. It is concluded that the renal excretion of sulphamethomidine in cows occurs by filtration by slight tubular secretion and also by a high rate of back diffusion.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2016

Dentists often sedate patients in order to reduce their dental phobia and stress during dental treatment. Sedatives are administered through various routes such as oral, inhalation, and intravenous routes. Intravenous administration has the advantage of rapid onset of action, predictable duration of action, and easy titration. Typically, midazolam, propofol or dexmedetomidine are used as intravenous sedatives. Administration of these sedatives via infusion by using a syringe pump is more effective and successful than infusing them as a bolus. However, during intravenous infusion of sedatives or opioids using a syringe pump, fatal accidents may occur due to the clinician's carelessness. To prevent such risks, smart syringe pumps have been introduced clinically. They allow clinicians to perform effective sedation by using a computer to control the dose of the drug being infused. To ensure patient safety, various alarm features along with a drug library, which provides drug information and prevents excessive infusion by limiting the dose, have been added to smart pumps. In addition, programmed infusion systems and target-controlled infusion systems have also been developed to enable effective administration of sedatives. Patient-controlled infusion, which allows a patient to control his/her level of sedation through self-infusion, has also been developed. Safer and more successful sedation may be achieved by fully utilizing these new features of the smart pump.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2009

Intravenous midazolam has been frequently used for the relief of anxiety in dental treatment. This is likely the result of the sedative and anterograde amnestic properties of midazolam that are mediated through $\gamma$-Aminobutyric acid agonism. Unfortunately, Paradoxical reactions to midazolam include agitation, talkativeness, confusion, disinhibition, aggression,violent behavior, act of self-injury and need for restraints. These occur in less than 1% of all patients receiving midazolam, may occur at variable times after administration and are difficult to predict and diagnose. Two women with severe anxiety for dental treatment experienced paradoxical reactions associated with the use of intravenous midazolam. We are reviewed the management and prevention of paradoxical reactions and its different etiology.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.460-466
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• 2014

Nicotine addiction is a worldwide problem. However, previous studies characterizing the rewarding and reinforcing effects of nicotine in animal models have reported inconsistent findings. It was observed that the addictive effects are variable on different factors (e.g. route, dose, and age). Here, we evaluated the rewarding and reinforcing effects of nicotine in different routes of administration, across a wide dose range, and in different age groups. Two of the most widely used animal models of drug addiction were employed: the conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration (SA) tests. Nicotine CPP was evaluated in different routes [intraperitoneal (i.p.) and subcutaneous (s.c.)], doses (0.05 to 1.0 mg/kg) and age [adolescent and adult rats]. Similarly, intravenous nicotine SA was assessed in different doses (0.01 to 0.06 mg/kg/infusion) and age (adolescent and adult rats). In the CPP test, s.c. nicotine produced greater response than i.p. The 0.2 mg/kg dose produced highest CPP response in adolescent, while 0.6 mg/kg in adult rats; which were also confirmed in 7 days pretreated rats. In the SA test, adolescent rats readily self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/infusion of nicotine. Doses that produced nicotine CPP and SA induced blood nicotine levels that corresponded well with human smokers. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that nicotine produces reliable CPP [0.2 mg/kg dose (s.c.)] in adolescents and [0.6 mg/kg dose (s.c.)] in adults, and SA [0.03 mg/kg/infusion] in adolescent rats. Both tests indicate that adolescent rats are more sensitive to the rewarding and reinforcing effects of nicotine.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.384-391
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• 2021

Currently, the expanding recreational use of synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) threatens public health. SCBs produce psychoactive effects similar to those of tetrahydrocannabinol, the main component of cannabis, and additionally induce unexpected pharmacological side effects. SCBs are falsely advertised as legal and safe, but in reality, SCB abuse has been reported to cause acute intoxication and addictive disorders. However, because of the lack of scientific evidence to elucidate their dangerous pharmacological effects, SCBs are weakly regulated and continue to circulate in illegal drug markets. In the present study, the intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm was used to evaluate the abuse potential of three SCBs (AM-1248, CB-13, and PB-22) in rats. All three SCBs maintained IVSA with a large number of infusions and active lever presses, demonstrating their reinforcing effects. The increase of active lever presses was particularly significant during the early IVSA sessions, indicating the reinforcement-enhancing effects of the SCBs (AM-1248 and CB-13). The number of inactive lever presses was significantly higher in the SCB groups (AM-1248 and CB-13) than that in the vehicle group, indicating their impulsive effects. In summary, these results demonstrated that SCBs have distinct pharmacological properties and abuse potential.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.163-177
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• 2024

Background: This study aims to examine changes in fraudulent claim counts and total reimbursements before and after enhancements in counterfeit claim controls and monitoring of provider claim patterns under the "Proactive self-audit pilot program of fraudulent claims." Methods: This study used the claims data and hospital information (July 2021-February 2022) of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The data was collected from 1,129 hospitals assigned to the pilot program, selected from the providers who filed a claim for reimbursement for intravenous injections. Paired and independent t-tests, along with regression analysis, were utilized to analyze changing patterns and factors influencing claim behaviors. Results: This program led to a reduction in the number of fraudulent claims and the total amount of reimbursements across all levels of hospitals in the experimental groups (except for physicians below 40 years old). In the control group, general hospitals and hospitals demonstrated some significant decreases based on the duration since opening, while clinics showed significant reductions in specified subjects. Additionally, a notable increase was observed among male physicians over the age of 50 years. Overall, claims and reimbursements significantly declined after the intervention. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between hospital opening duration and claim numbers, suggesting longer-established hospitals were more likely to file claims. Conclusion: The results indicate that the pilot program successfully encouraged providers to autonomously minimize fraudulent claims. Therefore, it is advised to extend further support, including promotional activities, training, seminars, and continuous monitoring, to nonparticipating hospitals to facilitate independent improvements in their claim practices.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2015

Background: An understanding of the features of postoperative pain is essential for optimal analgesic dosing strategies. Using a visual analogue scale (VAS) score and patient controlled analgesia (PCA) infusion pattern analysis, an anesthesiologist can estimate when and how severely patients suffer from pain. Several reports have been published about circadian changes in the pain threshold. Postoperative pain was analyzed retrospectively in 250 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery. Methods: A total of 250 patients were allocated into two groups according to the time of recovery from anesthesia. Patients in the early group (group E) recovered from anesthesia before 06:00 p.m. Patients in the late group (group L) recovered from anesthesia after 06:00 p.m. All patients received intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV PCA) at the end of the operation. The VAS score of pain intensity was measured. Self-administration of bolus analgesic from the IV PCA device was also analyzed according to actual time and elapsed time. Results: VAS scores showed no difference between the two groups except 36 hours after recovery from anesthesia. On POD1, there were two peaks for self-administration of bolus analgesics in group L and one peak in the morning for group E. Two peaks each in the morning and in the afternoon were shown in both groups on POD2. Conclusions: Diurnal variance in pain should be considered for effective dosing strategies.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the pre-emptive analgesic efficacy of injected ketorolac to that of other agents for impacted third molar surgical removal in a healthy population. PubMed, Ovid SP, Cochrane databases were filtered from 1980 to July 2020 for potential papers using relevant MeSH terms and pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria independently by reviewers. Studies that compared pre-emptive intramuscular or intravenous administration of ketorolac to other agents were evaluated. The outcomes sought were self-reported postoperative pain (patient-perceived pain), median duration for rescue analgesic medication, total number of analgesics consumed in the recovery period, and global assessment (overall patient satisfaction) after the recovery period. Six studies were included in the final evaluation. The outcome of pain perception and the number of analgesics taken were significantly lower in the ketorolac group (intramuscular or intravenous) in most of the studies (n=5) than in the group of other drugs. The mean time for rescue analgesia intake was higher for the ketorolac group, and global assessment scores were also better in the ketorolac group. Although the included studies show significantly better outcomes such as postoperative pain, median time taken for rescue medication, total number of analgesics taken, and overall patient satisfaction with injected ketorolac group in comparison to injected diclofenac, dexamethasone, and tramadol, definitive conclusions cannot be made regarding the superiority of injected Ketorolac as a pre-emptive agent. A greater number of randomized control trials with a proper protocol are needed to make definitive conclusions.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.204-208
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• 2008

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and course of neutropenia following intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Methods : From January 2001 to June 2006, fifty-four patients with ITP were enrolled in this study. Forty-two of 54 patients were treated with IVIG, while the other 12 were treated with anti-D immunoglobulin (Anti-D Ig). Post-treatment absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) were compared between patients who received IVIG and those who received Anti-D Ig. Comparison of post-treatment ANC between patients who treated with two different IVIG regimens (400 mg/kg/day for 5 days and 1 g/kg/day for 2 days) was also performed. Results : Pretreatment ANC were not significantly different between the two treatment groups. After treatment with IVIG, 32 out of 42 patients (76.2%) showed more than 50% decrease of ANC from the baseline. On the other hand, only 2 out of 12 patients (16.7%) showed more than 50% decrease of ANC from the baseline after treatment Anti-D Ig. No significant difference was observed in the decline of ANC between the first IVIG treatment (42 patients) and repeated IVIG treatment groups (7 patients). There was no statistical difference in post-treatment ANC between patients who treated with two different IVIG regimens. The neutropenia induced by IVIG had resolved spontaneously in 38 out of 39 patients (97%) after several days. Conclusion : Neutropenia following IVIG administration may not be an uncommon finding in children with ITP. It seems to be transient and self limited.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.165-170
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• 2003

The clinical efficacies of Korean Red Ginseng for improving sexual function has been reported only by self-reporting questionnaires.AVS-Penogram is a method evaluating natural penile blood flow changes by Gamma-camera after intravenous injection of Techmetium 99$\^$m/-RBC and also stimulating by erotic video tape. To more objectively evaluate the efficacies of Korean Red Ginseng for erectile function, we applied AVS-Penogram as a objective diagnostic tool. AVS-Penogram studies were done in 28 patients with erectile dysfunction after administration of Red Ginseng(19) or placebo(9) group. The pattern of AVS-Penogram before medication were normal type in 4, impossible in 2, unstable in 20, delayed in 1, and mixed in 1. The unstable type were the most prevalent observed in 71.4% of all patients. The patterns of AVS-penogram were 2.2. 13.1 in Red Ginseng group, while in placebo group normal 2, unstable 7. After 4 weeks in Red Ginseng group, there were 3 cases of improved penogram findings, while only 1 in placebo group. There were no statistical significancies in the type of penogram changes on both group. But the maximum radioactivity were improved in 11 patients(57.9%) in Red Ginseng group, while 2(22.2%) in placebo group. There were statistical significancies in comparing the maximal radioactivity of penogram on both group. These AVS-Penogram findings shows, encouraging results of by increased penile blood flow Korean Red Ginseng our medication. Further study is more needed to reconfirm these results by more concentrated active formulations of sapanonin St other active ginsenosides. These promising results will lead to develop a new remedy for erectile dysfunction by Korean Red Ginseng