• Title/Summary/Keyword: Intravenous dosage

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Pharmacomkinetics of Roxithromycin after Intravenous Administration in Broilers (록시스로마이신의 정맥주사 후 육계에서의 약물동태학적 분석)

  • Lim Jong-Hwan;Park Byung-Kwon;Kim Myoung-Seok;Hwang Youn-Hwan;Yun Hyo-In
    • Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.87-90
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    • 2006
  • The aim of the present study was to investigate the disposition pharmacokinetics of roxithromycin in broilers. Roxithromycin was administered at a single dose of 20 mg/kg body weight by intravenous (i.v.) routes. Plasma concentrations of roxithromycin were determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. After a single i.v. dose plasma concentrations were best fitted to a two-compartment open model. The values of the pharmacokinetic parameters after i.v. administration were: elimination half-life = $5.83{\pm}1.79h$, mean residence time = $6.33{\pm}0.32h$, total body clearance = $0.55{\pm}0.15L/h/kg$, and volume of distribution at steady state = $3.47{\pm}0.84L/kg$. The pharmacokinetic interpretation of roxithromycin after i.v. administration revealed that the drug was well distributed throughout the body in broilers and slowly eliminated. More studies for the application of roxithromycin against poultry disease are needed to establish a suitable pharmaceutical formulation, propose optimum dosage regimens, investigate clinical efficacy and study the tolerability of repeated doses.

Conscious Sedation Protocol with Midazolam in Minor Oral Surgery (구강 내 소수술에 있어 Midazolam을 이용한 의식하진정 치료원칙)

  • Kim, Soung-Min;Kim, Ji-Hyuck;Park, Young-Wook;Jang, Jae-Hyun;Kwon, Kwang-Jun;Kim, Se-Jung;Nam, Dae-Woo;Kwon, Ki-Yeul
    • Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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    • v.3 no.1 s.4
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    • pp.19-27
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    • 2003
  • Background: Conscious sedation is a minimally depressed level of consciousness that retains the patient's ability to maintain the airway continuously and to respond appropriately to physical stimulation and verbal command at any time, produced by a pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic method or a combination thereof. In dental anesthesia, a state of sedation in which the conscious patient is rendered free of fear, apprehension, and anxiety through the use of pharmacologic agents. Midazolam is a useful drug of benzodiazepine on minor operation of dentistry. The purpose of this study is to estimate the appropriate dosage protocol of midazolam to the patient receiving intravenous sedation at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Methods: Total subject was fifty-one patients and fifteen patients of this subject were decided to control group (Group I) that they were not received intravenous sedation. The experimental group was randomly subdivided into two groups and each of those groups was administrated to 0.05 mg/kg (Group II) and 0.08 mg/kg (Group III) each other. All patients of the subject were surveyed with postoperative one day questionaire to evaluate the level of sedation. Results: In view of antegrade amnesia, 1. Group II and III were statistically different compared to Group 1, respectively. 2. Group II and III were not statistically different. Conclusions: Apparent antegrade amnesia was found in both groups 0.05 mg/kg and 0.08 mg/kg intravenously administered. So we present the protocol of the department of oval and maxillofacial surgery, Kangnung National University Dental Hospital. But further studies concerning patient's age, body weight, and general condition will be carried out.

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Four-Week Dose-Range Finding and 13-Week Repeated Dose Intravenous Toxicity Studies in Rats with DA-125, a New Anthracycline Antitumor Antibiotic (새로운 Anthracycline계 항암성 항생물질 DA-125의 랫드에 대한 4주 용량설정시험(DRF)과 13주 아급성 독성시험)

  • ;;;;;;Eric J. F. Spicer;Susan Novitsky;Lee Bernal
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.190-205
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    • 1994
  • This study was conducted to investigate the repeated dose toxicity of DA-125, a new anthracycline antitumor antibiotic, in rats. Before the 13-week main study, a 4-week dose-range finding (DRF) study was carried out. The administration of DA-125 intravenously at dosage levels of 0, 0.125, 0.5, 2.0, and 8.0 mg/kg/day to rats for 4 weeks resulted in premature deaths of all animals in the 8.0 mg/kg/day group and in the deaths of 4 males and 4 females at 2.0 mg/kg/day. Body weights were markedly reduced in the 8.0 mg/kg/day group and showed dose-related decreases in all treatment groups when compared with the control group. Reductions in weight gain were slight and not significantly different at 0.125 mg/kg/day but animals receiving 0.5 mg/kg/day showed more marked decreases in gain in a clear dose-related manner Based On the results of the above DRF study, a 13-week repeated dose intravenous toxicity study in rats with DA-125 was performed at a dose level of 0, 0.012, 0.08 and 0.3 mg/kg/day. No treatment related effects were noted in behavior or body weight in all treatment groups. One male at the highest dose level died on study day 26, but the death could not be related to test article toxicity. Swelling and scabbing of the ears was present in all of the groups, including the control group. There were no treatment related changes in the hematological, biochemical or urinalysis values in all treatment groups. Thymus weights were significantly reduced ill males receiving 0.3 mg/kg/day and they were sligltly, and not significantly, reduced in females of the same group. While there were no associated histological changes. Treatment related necrosis was found in the tail vein (injection site) at 0.08 and 0.3 mg/kg/day. On the basis of these results, the no observed effect level (NOEL) was 0.012 mg/kg/day and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was estimated to be more than 0.3 mg/kg/day under the conditions tested.

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Clinical Studies on 56 Cases of Having Treated patients suffering from Ischemic Stroke through both Urokinase and Therapeutics of Oriental Medicine (Urokinase와 동의학적요법(東醫學的療法)으로 동시치료(同時治療)한 허혈성뇌졸중환자(虛血性腦卒中患者) 56례(例)에 대(對)한 임상적(臨床的) 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, In-Sup
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.15 no.2 s.28
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    • pp.46-91
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    • 1994
  • l. Backgrounds of Studies Cerebrovascular accident. one of the three major causes of death among audults with cardiopathy and malignancy, has been on the increase in korea while it is on the decrease in European countries and Japan. Types of stroke undergo changes caused by prolongment of life expectancy. and social and economic variety. More patients of ischemic stroke show a tendency to increase now than those of hemorrhagic stroke in the past. Many clinical studies on medical cerebrovascular and oriental stroke of paralysis have been published. but few clinical studies on therapeutics of integrated oriental and western medicine are to be found. So I have made an attempt to study clinical observations and therapeutic responses of ischemic stroke under integrated oriental and western medicine. 2.Methods. Among the patients admitted into the clinic of Joong-Poong, Woo-Suk University Hospital from May 1. 1993 until April 30. 1994 those 56 patients who were diagnosed as ischemic stroke on Computed Tomography(CT) and showed no dubious symptom after examination of coagulation and bleeding time were classified into the following six steps and treated: l)diagnosis 2)emergency treatment 3)basic treatment 4)treatment of risk and provoking factors. and preceeding disease 5)complications and conservative therapy 6)rehabilitation. For a period of basic treatment both herb medication and urokinase therapy were applied at the same time. Intravenous injection has been given at a unit of 300.000 dosage a day as urokinase therapy during basic treatment. If they showed any dubious symptom in glucose tolerance test. fructose 500ml and urokinase 300.000 dosage were mixed and injected. In case of no symptom 5% DW 500ml was mixed with urokinase 300.000 unit. and injected at a speed of 15gtt per minute. 3. Results and Conclusions 1) The level of ambulation has been improved from 42.9% when admitted to 73.2% when discharged in the degree of recovery. The level of severe function disorder has been remarkably decreased from 55.4% when admitted to 19.6% when discharged. 2) The treatment effect on the basis of therapeutic response of clinical and subjective symptom shows as follows: 7.1% Excellent. 35.7% Good. 37.5% Effective. 10.7% Stationary. and 8.9% Aggravated. The total recovery above effective shows 80.3%. Judging from the above results I think it proper to develop the model of better preventing and treating ischemic stroke through effective therapeutic and clinical studies of integrated oriental and western medicine.

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Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring and Neuromuscular Anesthesia Depth Monitoring (수술 중 신경계 추적 감시 검사와 근 이완 마취 심도의 측정)

  • Kim, Sang-Hun;Park, Soon-Bu;Kang, Hyo-Chan;Park, Sang-Ku
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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    • v.52 no.4
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    • pp.317-326
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    • 2020
  • Deep blocking of consciousness alone does not prevent a reaction to severe stimuli, and copious amounts of pain medication do not guarantee unconsciousness. Therefore, anesthesia must satisfy both: the loss of consciousness as well as muscle relaxation. Muscle relaxants improve the intra-bronchial intubation, surgical field of vision, and operating conditions, while simultaneously reducing the dose of inhalation or intravenous anesthesia. Muscle relaxants are also very important for breathing management during controlled mechanical ventilation during surgery. Excessive dosage of such muscle relaxants may therefore affect neurological examinations during surgery, but an insufficient dosage will result in movement of the patient during the procedure. Hence, muscle relaxation anesthesia depth and neurophysiological monitoring during surgery are closely related. Using excessive muscle relaxants is disadvantageous, since neurophysiological examinations during surgery could be hindered, and eliminating the effects of complete muscle relaxation after surgery is challenging. In the operation of neurophysiological monitoring during the operation, the anesthesiologist administers muscle relaxant based on what standard, it is hoped that the examination will be performed more smoothly by examining the trends in the world as well as domestic and global trends in maintaining muscle relaxant.

Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of β-Lapachone: Characteristics of Oral Bioavailability and First-Pass Metabolism in Rats

  • Kim, Iksoo;Kim, Hyeongmin;Ro, Jieun;Jo, Kanghee;Karki, Sandeep;Khadka, Prakash;Yun, Gyiae;Lee, Jaehwi
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.296-300
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    • 2015
  • ${\beta}$-Lapachone has drawn increasing attention as an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug. However, its oral bioavailability has not been yet assessed, which might be useful to develop efficient dosage forms possibly required for non-clinical and clinical studies and future market. The aim of the present study was thus to investigate pharmacokinetic properties of ${\beta}$-lapachone as well as its first-pass metabolism in the liver, and small and large intestines after oral administration to measure the absolute bioavailability in rats. A sensitive HPLC method was developed to evaluate levels of ${\beta}$-lapachone in plasma and organ homogenates. The drug degradation profiles were examined in plasma to assess the stability of the drug and in liver and intestinal homogenates to evaluate first-pass metabolism. Pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained after oral and intravenous administration of ${\beta}$-lapachone at doses of 40 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively. The measured oral bioavailability of ${\beta}$-lapachone was 15.5%. The considerable degradation of ${\beta}$-lapachone was seen in the organ homogenates but the drug was quite stable in plasma. In conclusion, we suggest that the fairly low oral bioavailability of ${\beta}$-lapachone may be resulted from the first-pass metabolic degradation of ${\beta}$-lapachone in the liver, small and large intestinal tracts and its low aqueous solubility.

A Retrospective Analysis of Liver Function Test in Cancer Patients Taking Rhus Verniciflua STOKES Decoction(Chijongtang) with Anti-cancer Drugs (항암제와 함께 옻나무 전탕추출물(치종탕)을 복용한 암환자의 간기능 검사에 대한 후향적 조사)

  • Yoon, Jong-Hoon;Kim, Jeong-Hyeon;Kim, Bo-Geun;Park, Sang-Chae
    • Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.19-23
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    • 2011
  • Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate safety of Rhus Verniciflua STOKES as a combination therapy of Oriental and conventional cancer treatment. So, We investigated liver function test(especially total bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ALP) levels in outpatients at an oriental medical clinic, to know whether Rhus Verniciflua STOKES decotion (Chijongtang) was hepatotoxic. The outpatients were treated with Rhus Verniciflua STOKES decotion(Chijongtang) during intravenous or oral chemotherapy. Methods : We surveyed whether Chijongtang caused liver injury in patients, who visited and took Chijongtang at Hana oriental medical clinic, from March, 2008 to November 2011. We looked over all the liver function tests of those patients, done during medication. Patients who had no records of liver function tests or with basal liver disease were excluded. And patients were classified into normal and abnormal liver function groups. Results and Conclusions : 48 patients were enrolled, and their mean dosage was 300ml/day, and the mean medication period was 9.3 (2-42) months. During and after medication, there were no abnormal liver function test results at all, in the normal liver function group. and 10 out of 11 patients in the abnormal liver function group showed normal liver function test levels. Roughly speaking, according to the above results, it seems that taking Chijongtang did not cause hepatotoxicity. And it seems Chijongtang has hepatoprotective effect. But we still need more laboratory and clinical research to reach a more definitive conclusion.

The effect of low-dose intravenous bisphosphonate treatment on osteoporosis in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy

  • Moon, Soon Jeong;An, Young Min;Kim, Soon Ki;Kwon, Young Se;Lee, Ji Eun
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.60 no.12
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    • pp.403-407
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    • 2017
  • Purpose: Quadriplegic children with cerebral palsy are more susceptible to osteoporosis because of various risk factors that interfere with bone metabolism. Pamidronate is effective for pediatric osteoporosis, but there are no guidelines for optimal dosage or duration of treatment in quadriplegic children with osteoporosis. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose pamidronate treatment in these patients. Methods: Ten quadriplegic patients on antiepileptic drugs (6 male, 4 female patients; mean age, $10.9{\pm}5.76years$), with osteoporosis and gross motor function classification system level V, were treated with pamidronate (0.5-1.0 mg/kg/day, 2 consecutive days) every 3-4 months in a single institution. The patients received oral supplements of calcium and vitamin D before and during treatment. The lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) z score and biochemical markers of bone metabolism were measured regularly during treatment. Results: The main underlying disorder was perinatal hypoxic brain damage (40%, 4 of 10). The mean cumulative dose of pamidronate was $4.49{\pm}2.22mg/kg/yr$, and the mean treatment period was $10.8{\pm}3.32months$. The BMD z score of the lumbar spine showed a significant increase from $-4.22{\pm}1.24$ before treatment to $-2.61{\pm}1.69$ during treatment (P=0.008). Alkaline phosphatase decreased during treatment (P=0.037). Significant adverse drug reactions and new fractures were not reported. Conclusion: Low-dose pamidronate treatment for quadriplegic children with cerebral palsy increased lumbar BMD and reduced the incidence of fracture.

A Comparative Coagulopathic Study for Treatment of Vasospasm by Using Low- and High-molecular Weight Hydroxyethyl Starches

  • Hwang, Sung-Ho;Won, Yu-Sam;Yu, Jang-Sun;Yang, Jae-Young;Choi, Chun-Sik
    • Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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    • v.42 no.5
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    • pp.377-381
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    • 2007
  • Objective : High-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch (HES) compromises blood coagulation more than does low-molecular-weight HES. We compared the effects of low- and high-molecular-weight HES for the treatment of vasospasm and investigated the dose relationship with each other. Methods : Retrospectively, in a series of consecutive 102 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 35 patients developed clinical symptoms of vasospasm of these fourteen patients were treated with low-molecular weight HES for volume expansion while the other 21 received high-molecular-weight HES as continuous intravenous infusion. Prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PIT), fibrinogen level, and platelet count were all measured prior to initiation, during treatment and after termination of therapy for symptomatic vasospasm. The total dose of HES ranged from 5 L to 14 L and median infusion duration was 10 days. Results : A more pronounced PTT prolongation was observed in high-molecular-weight HES group compared with low-molecular-weight HES group. No other coagulation parameters were altered. Dosage (=duration) shows a positive correlation with PTT. Clinically, significant bleeding episodes were noted in four patients who received high-molecular-weight HES. Conclusion : Coagulopathy was developed in direct proportion to molecular weight of starch and dosages. We propose the extreme caution in the administration of HES solution for the vasospasm treatment.

Depressor Responses to Intravenously Administered Tannic Acid in Rabbits (Tannic acid의 혈압강하작용(血壓降下作用))

  • Moon, Choong-Bai;Shin, Hong-Kee;Kim, Kee-Soon
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology
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    • v.13 no.1_2
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    • pp.29-34
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    • 1979
  • The present study was undertaken to investigate depressor action of tannic acid and the mechanism underlies it in the rabbit. The changes in arterial blood pressure were studied after intravenous administration of tannic acid in normal rabbits and the animals pretreated with atropine, propranolol, dibenamine, and hexamethonium. The results obtained were as follows; 1) Following administration of 1.5 mg/kg, 3.0 mg/kg, and 5.0 mg/kg of tannic acid into rabbits the maximum depressor responses observed were $12.0{\pm}0.9\;mmHg$, $23.4{\pm}1.0\;mmHg$, and $34.0{\pm}1.8\;mmHg$ respectively and generally depressor responses increased in proportion to dosage of tannic acid. 2) Since there were no changes in depressor responses to tannic acid in animals pretreated. separately with atropine, propranolol, dibenamine, and hexamethonium, the depressor responses appeared to be resulting from direct vasodilator action of tannic acid on the vascular smooth muscle. Comparing tannic acid and acorn extract in their mechanisms of depressor responses, it is strongly indicated that in acorn there might exist another depressor substance. 3) After administration of large doses of tannic acid, in addition to respiratory changes, the mean arterial blood pressure decreased markedly and was never recovered throughout the experiment. comma Therefore it is also suggested that the lethal action of tannic acid resides in a drastic decline of arterial blood pressure and in respiratory changes as well.

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