• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 2010

Purpose : This study was performed to estimate the incidence of nosocomial sepsis and to identify the most relevant risk factors for nosocomial sepsis in high-risk very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods : A retrospective review of 341 VLBW infants, admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Eulji University Hospital (Daejeon & Seoul) between January 2002 and June 2009, who survived more than 72 hours was performed. The incidence, causative organisms, risk factors and prognosis of nosocomial sepsis in VLBW infants were analyzed. Results : The incidence of nosocomial sepsis was 16.1% and the onset date of nosocomial sepsis was 21.5$\pm$15.9 days (mean$\pm$SD) after delivery. Staphylococcus aureus (21.3%) was the most common organism in the patients with nosocomial sepsis in VLBW infants. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that, gestational age [odds ratio (OR), 0.87; 95% CI, 0.83-0.91], umbilical artery catheter use for more than 5 days (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.15-4.46), umbilical venous catheter use for more than 5 days (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.11-4.16), peripheral arterial line use (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.14-4.04) and intravenous intralipids (OR, 4.3;95% CI, 1.13-14.32) were identified as risk factors. Conclusion : The limited usage of intravascular catheter related procedures and the short providence of intravenous nutrition may decrease the incidence of nosocomial sepsis in VLBW infants.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.145-152
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• 2006

Radiographic contrast medium may cause tissue injury by extravasation during intravenous automated injection during CT examination. A large - volume extravasation (140 mL) occurred in an adult during contrast-enhanced CT The patient had a swelling and injury on the dorsum right hand of intravenous catheter region. The extravasation injury site was determined by CT scanning. The extavasation compartment syndrome case was examined using four separate display techniques. These 3D MDCT findings might help to determine the best course of treatment for patient with contrast extravasation. 3D image reconstructions provide accurate views of high-resolution and soft-tissue imaging. This paper introduces extravasation with the radiography and 3D MDCT findings.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.463-470
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• 2022

Intravenous injection is widely used for patient treatment, including injection drugs, fluids, parenteral nutrition, and blood products, and is the most frequently performed invasive treatment for inpatients, including blood collection, peripheral catheter insertion, and other IV therapy, and more than 1 billion cases per year. Intravenous injection is one of the difficult procedures performed only by experienced nurses who have been trained in intravenous injection, and failure can lead to thrombosis and hematoma or nerve damage to the vein. Nurses who frequently perform intravenous injections may also make mistakes because it is not easy to detect veins due to factors such as obesity, skin color, and age. Accordingly, studies on auxiliary equipment capable of visualizing the venous structure of the back of the hand or arm have been published to reduce mistakes during intravenous injection. This paper is about the development of venous detection equipment that visualizes venous structure during intravenous injection, and the optimal combination was selected by comparing the brightness of acquired images according to the combination of near-infrared (NIR) LED and Filter with different wavelength bands. In addition, an image processing algorithm was derived to threshehold and making blood vessel part to green through grayscale conversion, histogram equilzation, and sharpening filters for clarity of vein images obtained through the implemented venous detection experimental module.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.485-491
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• 2022

Intravenous injection is the most frequent invasive treatment for inpatients and is widely used for parenteral nutrition administration and blood products, and more than 1 billion procedures are used for peripheral catheter insertion, blood collection, and other IV therapy per year. Intravenous injection is one of the difficult procedures to be performed only by trained nurses with intravenous injection training, and failure can lead to thrombosis and hematoma or nerve damage to the vein. Accordingly, studies on auxiliary equipment capable of visualizing the vein structure of the back of the hand or arm are being published to reduce errors during intravenous injection. This study is a study on the performance difference according to the number of LEDs irradiating the 850nm wavelength band on a vein detector that visualizes the vein during intravenous injection. Four LED PCBs were produced by attaching NIR filters to CCD and CMOS camera lenses irradiated on the skin to acquire images, sharpen the acquired images using image processing algorithms, and project the sharpened images onto the skin. After that, each PCB was attached to the front end of the vein detector to detect the vein image and create a performance comparison questionnaire based on the vein image obtained for performance evaluation. The survey was conducted on 20 nurses working at K Hospital.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2002

The blood pressure (BP) is regulated by the nervous system and humoral factors, such as renin- angiotensin system, vasopressin and others. In the present study, we examined the central effects of glutamate and GABA on the cardiovascular regulation by injection of these substances into the lateral ventricle and also investigated the relationship between these central effects and the action of angiotensin II (Ang). Male Sprague Dawley rats, $350{\sim}400$ g, were anesthetized with urethane and instrumented with an arterial catheter for direct measurement of BP and heart rate (HR), and an guide cannula in the lateral ventricle for drug injection. A glass microelectode was inserted into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) for recording single unit spikes. Barosensitive neurons were identified by changes of single unit spikes in RVLM following intravenous injection of nitroprusside and phenylephrine. The effects of GABA and glutamate injected into the lateral ventricle were studied in single neuronal activity of the RVLM in addition to changes in BP and heart rate, and compared the results before and after treatment with intravenous losartan, nonpeptide Ang II-type 1 receptor antagonist (1 mg/100 g BW). Intracerebroventricular administration of GABA decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HR, but increased the firing rates in the RVLM. However, intracerebroventricular glutamate injection produced effects opposite to GABA. After pretreatment of intravenous losartan, the central effects of GABA on BP and firing rate in the RVLM were significantly attenuated and that of glutamate showed a tendency of attenuation. These results suggested that central GABA and glutamate regulated BP and firing rates in RVLM were inversely related to BP change. The central effects of GABA or glutamate on the autonomic nervous function were modulated by humoral factor, Ang II, by maintaining BP.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2019

Background: The adductor canal block (ACB) is an effective intervention for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, the ideal ACB regimen has not yet been established. We compared the analgesic effects between a continuous ACB group and fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) with a single-shot ACB group. Methods: Patients who underwent TKA were randomly allocated to either a continuous ACB group (Group CACB) or IV-PCA with a single-shot ACB group (Group IVACB). Before the surgery, ultrasound guided ACB with 0.5% ropivacaine 20 cc was provided to all patients. Before skin incision, the infusion system (0.2% ropivacaine through an adductor canal catheter in group CACB vs. intravenous fentanyl in group IVACB) was connected. The postoperative pain severity; the side effects of local anesthetics and opioids; administration of rescue analgesics and anti-emetics; and sensorimotor deficits were measured. Results: Postoperative pain severity was significantly higher in the IVACB group at 30 min, 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h after surgery. The averages and standard deviations (SD) of the NRS score of postoperative pain were $0.14{\pm}0.37$, $4.57{\pm}2.37$, $6.00{\pm}1.63$, and $4.28{\pm}1.49$, respectively in the IVACB group. Rescue analgesic requirements and quadriceps muscle strength were not statistically different between the groups throughout the postoperative period. Moreover, rescue antiemetic requirements were higher in group IVACB than group CACB. Conclusions: In this study, the continuous ACB provided superior analgesia and fewer side effects without any significant motor deficit than the IV-PCA with a single-shot ACB.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.441-443
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• 2013

Liver abscess following ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting occurs very rarely. We report an unusual case of multiple liver abscesses caused by Staphylococcus capitis in a 50-year-old compromised woman due to a complicating VP shunt infection. We reviewed the nine cases of VP shunt complications reported in the English literature, and speculated that the most likely pathogenetic mechanism in our case is an infected peritoneal tip that migrated to and penetrated the liver, which subsequently caused the formation of multiple liver abscesses. The patient was successfully treated with percutaneous aspiration, drainage of the abscesses, intravenous antibiotics, and shunt revision. Awareness and vigilance of the possibility of liver abscess formation caused by VP shunt infection will help establish an early accurate diagnosis and therapeutic strategy.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.274-277
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• 1997

The complex regional pain syndrome(CRPS) exhibit symptoms such as: abnormal skin color, temperature change, abnormal pseudomotor activity, edema. If CRPS is not treated appropriately at acute stage, then the affected extremity may become a useless, painful appendage. Treatment of CRPS by sympathetic blockade may be achieved by repeated intravenous regional guanethidine blocks, repeated anesthetic sympathetic blocks, surgical sympathectomy or oral sympatholytic therapy. We treated 29-year-old male patient with CRPS of left upper extremity by continuous cervical epidural blockade. Due to wound infection and dislocation of the epidural catheter, we inserted an implantable port system to inject the mixture of local anesthetics and small amount of morphine. After 10 months of treatment, patient was cured of symptoms and signs of CRPS and was able to resume a normal life.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.641-645
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• 2021

A 3,480 g male neonate showed tachypnea symptom with a serum ionized calcium level of 0.66 mmol/L by routine clinical analysis. He was injected calcium gluconate intravenously through femoral vein catheter to treat the hypocalcemia. On second day after the injection, he started to show erythema in the flank area. The lesion became firm and changed into whitish crust consist of small crystals. Abdominal X-ray and ultrasonography showed the accumulation of calcium deposit in the subcutaneous layer of the lesion. Surgical debridement was performed to remove the crust with calcium deposit and acellular fish skin graft rich in omega-3 (Kerecis) was applied to the defect site for secondary intention of the defect wound. After 2 months, the skin and soft tissue defect were fully covered with healthy normal skin without depression or contracture. This report is a first case of iatrogenic calcinosis cutis without extravasation symptom.

• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: To determine the efficacy of filling the external auditory meatus with 1% clotrimazole at a single visit for the treatment of otomycosis. Subjects and Methods: This prospective study included 40 patients who were referred to our clinic with complaints of ear itching, pain, and fullness, and were diagnosed with unilateral otomycosis. After cleaning the mycotic hyphae from the external auditory meatus, the ear canal was filled with 1% clotrimazole, using an intravenous catheter and syringe. The patients received follow-up examinations on post-treatment days 7, 15, and 45. Results: The follow-up otomicroscopic examinations revealed that 95% of the ear canals were entirely clean and that all symptoms had resolved. The post-treatment scores of pain, aural fullness and itching were significantly lower than the pre-treatment scores (p<0.01). Conclusions: Filling the external auditory meatus with 1% clotrimazole at a single visit is an easy, efficient, and cost-effective treatment for otomycosis. Additionally, high patient compliance makes this treatment superior to long-term topical therapy.