• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1617-1622
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• 2009

Optium conditions for the production of mycelia and extracellular polysaccharide (EXPS) from submerged mycelial culture of Inonotus obliquus and their immunomodulating activities were investigated. The optmium production of mycelia and EXPS from I. obliquus was observed in mushroom complete medium (MCM). The optimum pH, temperature, and agitation speed for the production of mycelia and EXPS were 5.5, $25^{\circ}C$, and 150 rpm, respectively. The culture period for maximum production of mycelia (10.89 g/l) and EXPS (1.25 g/l) in shake flask cultivation was 11 days. The anticomplementary activity of intracellular polysaccharide (INPS) and EXPS form I. obliquus increased in a dose-dependent manner. Lysosomal enzyme activity of EXPS and INPS increased by 2.0- and 2.2-fold at $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration, respectively, compared to the control group.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Folate plays a critical role in DNA synthesis and methylation. Intracellular folate homeostasis is maintained by the enzymes folylpolyglutamate synthase (FPGS) and γ-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH). FPGS adds glutamate residues to folate upon its entry into the cell through a process known as polyglutamylation to enhance folate retention in the cell and to maintain a steady supply of utilizable folate derivatives for folate-dependent enzyme reactions. Thereafter, GGH catalyzes the hydrolysis of polyglutamylated folate into monoglutamylated folate, which can subsequently be exported from the cell. The objective of this review is to summarize the scientific evidence available on the effects of intracellular folate homeostasis-associated enzymes on cancer chemotherapy. METHODS: This review discusses the effects of FPGS and GGH on chemosensitivity to cancer chemotherapeutic agents such as antifolates, such as methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Polyglutamylated (anti)folates are better substrates for intracellular folate-dependent enzymes and retained for longer within cells. In addition to polyglutamylation of (anti)folates, FPGS and GGH modulate intracellular folate concentrations, which are an important determinant of chemosensitivity of cancer cells toward chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, FPGS and GGH affect chemosensitivity to antifolates and 5-fluorouracil by altering intracellular retention status of antifolates and folate cofactors such as 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, subsequently influencing the cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil, respectively. Generally, high FPGS and/or low GGH activity is associated with increased chemosensitivity of cancer cells to methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil, while low FPGS and/or high GGH activity seems to correspond to resistance to these drugs. Further preclinical and clinical studies elucidating the pharmocogenetic ramifications of these enzyme-induced changes are warranted to provide a framework for developing rational, effective, safe, and customized chemotherapeutic practices.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.298-305
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• 1990

Based on equal number of cells, supplementation of 10$^{-6}$ M cadimium highly simulated the intracellular amylase. GCT, LDH as well as the glucose and erea content of E carotovora var, carotovaro cells. This was coupled with initiation of highly active GOT, CPK as well as accumulation of cholesterol in the cells. Lanthanum was less active and unable to initiate COT or CPK. Nickel was almost without effect though reduced LDH activity without initiating either enzyme or cholesterol production. Similar stiulations and/or initiations were observed, though to variable extents, when the same concentration of the three elements were supplied to E. carotovora var, citullis or E. toxica. The highest yield of amylase, GPT, GGT or glucose was obtained when E. carotovora var. carotovora was supplemented with Cd + Ni. The highest urea level was recorded in Erwinia carotovara var, cirullis, amended with Cd + La.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2015

Abalone protein was hydrolyzed by enzymatic hydrolysis and the optimal enzyme/substrate (E/S) ratios were determined. Abalone protein hydrolysates (APH) produced by Protamex at E/S ratio of 1:100 showed angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity with $IC_{50}$ of 0.46 mg/mL, and APH obtained by Flavourzyme at E/S ratio of 1:100 possessed the oxygen radical absorbance capacity value of $457.6{\mu}M$ trolox equivalent/mg sample. Flavourzyme abalone protein hydrolysates (FAPH) also exhibited $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity with $IC_{50}$ of 0.48 mg/mL and $Fe^{2+}$+ chelating activity with $IC_{50}$ of 2.26 mg/mL as well as high reducing power. FAPH significantly (P<0.05) protected $H_2O_2$-induced hepatic cell damage in cultured hepatocytes, and the cell viability was restored to 90.27% in the presence of FAPH. FAPH exhibited 46.20% intracellular ROS scavenging activity and 57.89% lipid peroxidation inhibition activity in cultured hepatocytes. Overall, APH may be useful as an ingredient for functional foods.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.110-114
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• 2009

Sawdust bag cultivation of Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) is getting increase. The mycelia browning on the substrate surface is important for the stable production. The development of methods for the rapid mycelia browning is quite required. In this study changes in intracellular enzyme during the mycelial browning were investigated to find the rapid mycelia browning. Mycelia of L. edodes was changed into brown color while it grew in agar and liquid media like sawdust substrates. Mycelia of L. edodes was started to change color at 25 days after inoculation and browning was occurred in whole mycelia colony at 30 days and browning was completed at 40 days. The activities of enzymes was evaluated in these periodically color changing mycelia. Laccase activity was highest at 15 days after inoculation on PDB, but it gradually decreased from 15 days. Tyrosinase activity drastically increased in period between 30 days and 40 days while mycelia browning was progressed. The kinds of phosphotase identified by electrophoresis were esterase, acid phosphotase, and alkaline phosphotase. Activities of phosphotase were increased before the initiation of mycelial browning but they were decreased after browning.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.159.3-160
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• 2003

It has been known that quercetin is one of bioflavonid compounds and has anti-tumor effect by suppressing tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, including multiple biological effects by antioxidant and effective anti-inflammatory agent. The present study investigated whether quercetin can enhance antioxidant enzyme activity (glutathione proxidase: GPX, superoxide dismutase: SOD, catalase: CAT) and regulate the intracellular reactive oxygen intermediate levels on the B16F10 murine melanoma cells in the presensece of vitamin E, L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and reduced glutathione (GSH). (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.362-367
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• 1988

The strain YL 38-3, which was capable of producing extracellular cytosine deaminase, was isolated and taxonomically examined. The isolated strain was identified to be Bacillus polymyxa YL 38-3. The optimal conditions for the enzyme production from Bacillus polymyxa YL 38-3 were investigated. The enzyme production was reached maximum level in the medium containing 0.5% glucose, 0.2% beef extract, 0.5% NaCl and 0.1% $KH_{2}PO_{4}$ (pH 6.0). And the enzyme showed the highest activity when the strain YL 38-3 was cultivated at $35^{\circ}C$ for 24 gours under the initial pH 6.0. By the additions of peptone the extracellular enzyme production was inhibited, meanwhile the intracellular enzyme production was highly stimulated. It was, therefore, deduced that peptone was related to the secretion mechanism of the enzyme from this bacterial cell.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.271-275
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• 1999

The intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Staphylococcus sciuri was isolated to homogeneity by continuous steps, including ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and phenyl hydrophobic gel chromatography. Pure SOD had a specific activity of 4,625 U/mg and was purified 158-fold with a yield of 31 % from a cell free extract. The molecular weight of the purified SOD was determined to be approximately 35.5 kDa by gel filtration and the enzyme was also shown to be composed of dimeric subunits on denaturing SDS-PAGE. The enzyme activity remained stable at pH 5 to 11 and also to heat treatment of up to $50^{\circ}C$ at pH 7.8, with 80% relative activity. The enzyme was insensitive to cyanide, hydrogen peroxide, and azide, indicating that it is a manganese-containing SOD. The EPR spectrum showed the enzyme containing manganese as a cofactor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.373-382
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• 1994

A bacterial strain No. 40, which produced extracellular endoglucanase, was isolated from the rumen of Korean native goals and identified to be a genus of Actinomyces sp. The optimum conditions for endoglucanase production in PY-CMC medium were initial pH of 7.0 and 4 days of cultivation at $39^{\circ}C$. When localization of endoglucanase activity of Actinomyces sp. was determined, 68% of the enzyme activity was found in the extracellular fraction, 11% of the activity was detected in the periplasmic space and the remaining activity was in the intracellular and cell-bound fractions. The maximal endoglucanase activity was observed at pH 5.0 and it was most s table at pH 5.0. The optimum temperature of this enzyme activity was $55^{\circ}C$, but enzyme activity was gradually lost at temperature above $60^{\circ}C$. The crude enzyme was activated by addition of 10 mM cysteine and 10 mM DTT. But it was inhibited by addition of 10 mM $Cu^{{+}{+}}$ and $Fe^{{+}{+}}$. This crude enzyme could digest carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and degrade xylan, avicel, pNPG, and pNPC to a less extent.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1997

Penicillium sp.-L4, a causative fungus of rot in citrus fruits, was isolated and its mode of hydrolytic enzyme production was investigated. Carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), polygalacturonase(PGase), extra- & intra-cellular $\beta$-glucosidase and cellobiase were produced drastically by addition of substrates in minimal media. Production of the hydrolytic enzymes were induced efficiently by cellobiose and cellooligosaccharides which were the products of cellulose hydrolysis, but repressed by addition of mono-saccharide such as glucose, raffinose, galacturonic acid. The relative activity of p-nitrophenyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside(PNPG) hydrolysis was higher than that of cellobiose hydrolysis in extracellular enzymes, and reverse is true in intracellular enzymes. Intact enzyme production of P. sp.-L4 on lemon peel lesion was sequential. $\beta$-Glucosidase and CMCase were produced first and followed by PGase. The enzyme productivities and pH in lesions were coincident with optimal pH of each enzyme activities.