• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.10.1-10.11
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• 2019

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess coronal discoloration induced by the following intracanal medicaments: calcium hydroxide (CH), a mixture of CH paste and chlorhexidine gel (CH/CHX), and triple antibiotic paste (3Mix). Materials and Methods: Seventy extracted single-canal teeth were selected. Access cavities were prepared and each canal was instrumented with a rotary ProTaper system. The specimens were randomly assigned to CH, CH/CHX, and 3Mix paste experimental groups (n = 20 each) or a control group (n = 10). Each experimental group was randomly divided into 2 subgroups (A and B). In subgroup A, medicaments were only applied to the root canals, while in subgroup B, the root canals were completely filled with medicaments and a cotton pellet dipped in medicament was also placed in the pulp chamber. Spectrophotometric readings were obtained from the mid-buccal surface of the tooth crowns immediately after placing the medicaments (T1) and at 1 week (T2), 1 month (T3), and 3 months (T4) after filling. The ${\Delta}E$ was then calculated. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3-way ANOVA, and the $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ post hoc test. Results: The greatest color change (${\Delta}E$) was observed at 3 months (p < 0.0001) and in 3Mix subgroup B (p = 0.0057). No significant color change occurred in the CH (p = 0.7865) or CH/CHX (p = 0.1367) groups over time, but the 3Mix group showed a significant ${\Delta}E$ (p = 0.0164). Conclusion: Intracanal medicaments may induce tooth discoloration. Use of 3Mix must be short and it must be carefully applied only to the root canals; the access cavity should be thoroughly cleaned afterwards.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.254-262
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the postoperative pain and clinical performance after applying three different intracanal medicaments and root canal sealers. Materials and Methods: Sixty-five patients requiring root canal treatment due to symptomatic apical periodontitis were included in this study. After a glide path preparation by using PathFile, each canal was shaped with ProTaper Next file system. After the canal cleaning and shaping procedure, the canal was dried and each intracanal medicaments were adjusted (Calcipex II, TRC-paste, Metapaste). At the next visit, the patients were requested to answer the absence of the pain after the procedure. Once the patients showed no symptom, the canal was obturated with each corresponded root canal sealers (AH plus, Radic-sealer, ADseal). The patients were recalled after 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months to check the postoperative pain or unexpected clinical signs. One-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc comparison, and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis to evaluate any differences among tested materials. Results: The average number of visits for intracanal medication was 2.69, 2.65, and 2.61 for Calcipex II, TRC-paste, and Metapaste. There were no statistically differences in post-obturation pain among three groups obturated with different root canal sealers (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Under the limitations of this study, three tested intracanal medicaments and epoxy resin root canal sealers showed clinically acceptable similar results.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 1975

This study was divided into two parts. In the first experiment, the in vitro antimicrobial effect was tested in order to evaluate the effect of vapors, and the effectiveness of the nonspecific endodontic medicaments (formocresol, camphorated parachlorophenol and eugenol). In the second experiment, the intracanal effect was tested in vitro under simulated clinical condition. The actual bactericidal effect of the nonspecific endodontic medicaments (formocresol, camphorated parachlorophenol and eugenol) was quantitated. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The zone of inhibition was appeared on the vapors of formocresol only, however there were no zone of inhibition appeared on the vapors of camphorated parachlorophenol and eugenol. 2. Formocresol produced the widest zone of inhibition and eugenol, the next and camphorated parachlorophenol, the narrowest. 3. All of the tested medicaments were vaporized in the root canal. They proved to be the effective antimicrobial activity in the root canal. 4. All of the tested medicaments were showed more bactericidal effect at 72 hours than 48 hours. 5. In comparing with the bactericidal effect of the tested medicaments in the root canal, formocresol was showed the most bactericidal medicament, camphorated parachlorophenol was showed the least. 6. Complete sterilization of the root canal was not achieved in any medicaments applied in this study.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.455-463
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 근관 내 약제가 규산칼슘 재료의 압출 강도(Push-out bond strength)에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이다. 단일 근관을 가진 40개의 인간 하악 소구치들은 대조군과 수산화칼슘, 이중 항생제, 삼중 항생제를 사용한 군 중 하나로 나뉘어졌다. 근관 세척을 통해 약제를 제거 후, 1 mm 두께로 시편들을 제작하였다. 그 후 ProRoot MTA$^{(R)}$와 Biodentine$^{(R)}$을 근관 내에 적용하였고, 압출 강도 실험과 파절 양상 관찰을 수행하였다. 삼중 항생제와 이중 항생제 군은 대조군과 비교하여 두 종류의 규산칼슘 기반 재료의 상아질 결합력에서 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았고, 수산화칼슘을 사용한 군은 유의한 결합력의 증가를 나타내었다. 대조군과 각각의 실험군 내에서 치근 상아질에 대한 Biodentine$^{(R)}$의 탈락 저항은 ProRoot MTA$^{(R)}$보다 크게 나타났다. 파절 양상에 따라 응집 파절, 혼합 파절, 접착 파절의 순서로 압출 강도의 유의한 감소가 나타났고, 대조군과 비교하여 수산화칼슘을 사용한 군에서는 응집 파절이, 항생제를 사용한 군에서는 접착 파절이 우세하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.104-112
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of different intracanal medicaments on chemical structure and microhardness of dentin. Materials and Methods: Fifty human dentin discs were obtained from intact third molars and randomly assigned into two control groups and three treatment groups. The first control group received no treatment. The second control group (no medicament group) was irrigated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), stored in humid environment for four weeks and then irrigated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The three treatment groups were irrigated with NaOCl, treated for four weeks with either 1 g/mL triple antibiotic paste (TAP), 1 mg/mL methylcellulose-based triple antibiotic paste (DTAP), or calcium hydroxide [$Ca(OH)_2$] and finally irrigated with EDTA. After treatment, one half of each dentin disc was subjected to Vickers microhardness (n = 10 per group) and the other half was used to evaluate the chemical structure (phosphate/amide I ratio) of treated dentin utilizing attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (n = 5 per group). One-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's least significant difference were used for statistical analyses. Results: Dentin discs treated with different intracanal medicaments and those treated with NaOCl + EDTA showed significant reduction in microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.05) compared to no treatment control dentin. Furthermore, dentin discs treated with TAP had significantly lower microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.0001) compared to all other groups. Conclusions: The use of DTAP or $Ca(OH)_2$ medicaments during endodontic regeneration may cause significantly less microhardness reduction and superficial demineralization of dentin compared to the use of TAP.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제53권10호
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• pp.743-750
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• 2015

Objectives: This study compared the mechanical efficacy of sonic activated and passive ultrasonic irrigation for removing intracanal medicament from a simulated root canal under controlled conditions. Materials and Methods: Thirty simulated root canal in resin blocks were randomly divided into 3-groups. The canals were enlarged using ProTaper files and K3XF (#30/0.06). After cleaning and drying, canals were filled with Calcipex. Overfilled materials were wiped out and measured their weight to the unit of 1/10mg. After one week storage in 100% humidity $37^{\circ}C$ temperature, canals were irrigated using 20mL of saline with one of following methods according to the designated groups (n = 10). For group-NI, 30-gauge nickel-titanium irrigation needle was used. During irrigation with every 5mL, needle was moved in-and-out with 4-mm amplitudes. EndoActivator and ultrasonic tip were used for group-EA and group-UT respectively for 20 seconds after every 5mL irrigation using needle. Then the weight was measured again to calculate the weight of residual remnants. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post-hoc test at a significance level of 95%. Results: The weight of the residual medicaments were $3.62{\pm}0.81mg$, $2.84{\pm}0.28mg$, and $2.73{\pm}0.90mg$ for group-NI, -EA, and -UT, respectively. Group-EA and group-UT had no significant differences to remove intracanal medicament and left significantly less amount of paste than group-NI (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Under the controlled conditions of this study, the sonic activation and PUI have similar mechanical efficacy for removing intracanal medicament.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.32.1-32.13
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• 2019

Calcium hydroxide (CH) is the gold-standard intracanal dressing for teeth subjected to traumatic avulsion. A common complication after the replantation of avulsed teeth is root resorption (RR). The current review was conducted to compare the effect of CH with that of other intracanal medications and filling materials on inflammatory RR and replacement RR (ankylosis) in replanted teeth. The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched through June 2018 using specific keywords related to the title of the present article. The materials that were compared to CH were in 2 categories: 1) mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and endodontic sealers as permanent filling materials for single-visit treatment, and 2) Ledermix, bisphosphonates, acetazolamide, indomethacin, gallium nitrate, and enamel matrix-derived protein (Emdogain) as intracanal medicaments for multiple-visit management of avulsed teeth prior to the final obturation. MTA can be used as a single-visit root filling material; however, there are limited data on its efficacy due to a lack of clinical trials. Ledermix and acetazolamide were comparable to CH in reducing RR. Emdogain seems to be an interesting material, but the data supporting its use as an intracanal medication remain very limited. The conclusions drawn in this study were limited by the insufficiency of clinical trials.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.52.1-52.11
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• 2021

Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of low and moderate concentrations of triple antibiotic paste (TAP) and double antibiotic paste (DAP) loaded into a hydrogel system on crown discoloration and explored whether application of an adhesive bonding agent prevented crown discoloration. Materials and Methods: Intact human molars (n = 160) were horizontally sectioned 1 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction. The crowns were randomized into 8 experimental groups (calcium hydroxide, Ca[OH]₂; 1, 10, and 1,000 mg/mL TAP and DAP; and no medicament. The pulp chambers in half of the samples were coated with an adhesive bonding agent before receiving the intracanal medicament. Color changes (ΔE) were detected by spectrophotometry after 1 day, 1 week, and 4 weeks, and after 5,000 thermal cycles, with ΔE = 3.7 as a perceptible threshold. The 1-sample t-test was used to determine the significance of color changes relative to 3.7. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of treatment, adhesive, and time on color change, and the level of significance was p < 0.05. Results: Ca(OH)₂ and 1 and 10 mg/mL DAP did not cause clinically perceivable tooth discoloration. Adhesive agent use significantly decreased tooth discoloration in the 1,000 mg/mL TAP group up to 4 weeks. However, adhesive use did not significantly improve coronal discoloration after thermocycling when 1,000 mg/mL TAP was used. Conclusions: Ca(OH)₂ and 1 and 10 mg/mL DAP showed no clinical discoloration. Using an adhesive significantly improved coronal discoloration up to 4 weeks with 1,000 mg/mL TAP.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.58.1-58.8
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• 2021

Objectives: This study addresses the effect of using nanoparticles (np) on the antimicrobial properties of bioactive glass (BAG) when used in intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms. Materials and Methods: E. faecalis biofilms, grown inside 90 root canals for 21 days, were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the antimicrobial regimen followed (n = 20; BAG-np, BAG, calcium hydroxide [CaOH], and saline). After 1 week, residual live bacteria were quantified in terms of colony-forming units (CFU), while dead bacteria were assessed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Results: Although there was a statistically significant decrease in the mean CFU value among all groups, the nano-group performed the best. The highest percentage of dead bacteria was detected in the BAG-np group, with a significant difference from the BAG group. Conclusions: The reduction of particle size and use of a nano-form of BAG improved the antimicrobial properties of the intracanal treatment of E. faecalis biofilms

• 대한치과보존학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한치과보존학회 2001년도 추계학술대회(제116회) 및 13회 Workshop 제3회 한ㆍ일 치과보존학회 공동학술대회 초록집
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• pp.565.1-565
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• 2001

This study aimed to compare the efficiency of propylene glycol (PG) and distilled water (DW) as vehicles that would allow diffusion of dye through the root canal system. Human maxillary central incisors were chosen and de-crowned. After enlarging the upper part of the root canal with a Peeso reamer, cementum covering the upper third of the root was removed. The roots were ultrasonically irrigated with 5% NaOCI to remove smear layer.(omitted)