• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제60권6호
• /
• pp.10.1-10.6
• /
• 2018

Background: Stress causes inflammation that impairs intestinal barrier function. Dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP) has recognized anti-inflammatory effects and improvement of gut barrier function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary SDP on intestinal morphology of mated female mice under stress condition. Results: Villus height, width, and area of small intestines were low on gestation day (GD) 3 or 4 under stress conditions, and higher later (Time, P < 0.05). Crypt depth of colon was low on GD 4 and higher later (Time, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the SDP treatments improved (P < 0.05) intestinal morphology, indicated by increased villus height, villus width, villus area, and ratio between villus height and crypt depth of small intestines and crypt depth of colon, and by decreased crypt depth of small intestines, compared with the control diet. The SDP treatments also increased (P < 0.05) the number of goblet cells in intestines compared with the control diet. There were no differences between different levels of SDP. Conclusion: Dietary SDP improves intestinal morphology of mated female mice under stress condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.844-850
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to compare the effects of dietary supplementation of Sodium Gluconate (SG), Mannan Oligosaccharide (MOS) and Potassium Diformate (PDF) on growth performance and small intestinal morphology in nursery piglets. One hundred forty four female piglets ($11.69{\pm}0.71\;kg$) were divided into 4 treatments with six replicates of six pigs each. The pigs received a control diet or diets supplemented with SG, MOS and PDF at 2,500, 3,000 and 8,000 ppm; respectively, for 6 weeks. Supplementation of SG, MOS or PDF increased final body weight, average daily gain and tended to improve feed to gain ratio (p = 0.02, 0.04 and 0.16; respectively), other than average daily feed intake, intestinal pH and the bacterial populations were not influenced by the dietary treatments. SG significantly decreased the ammonia concentration in the caecum (p<0.05) and supplementation of SG, MOS or PDF tended to increase lactic acid and total short chain fatty acid concentration in the caecum (p = 0.08, 0.09; respectively), in addition SG, MOS or PDF slightly increased butyric acid concentration in the caecum (p = 0.14). SG highly significant increased the villous height in jejunum (p<0.01) and supplementing SG, MOS or PDF significantly increased crypt depth in jejunum (p<0.05), moreover, PDF significantly increased villous height and crypt depth ratio in jejunum (p<0.05) compared with control. The dietary treatments did not influence villous height and crypt depth in duodenum and villous height in jejunum (p>0.05). It can be concluded that supplementing SG, MOS or PDF as a feed additive has the potential to improve the growth performance, the intestinal lactic acid bacteria population, intestinal short-chain fatty acid concentration and the intestinal morphology of pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권10호
• /
• pp.1470-1477
• /
• 2006

One hundred and sixty crossbred pigs ($6.62{\pm}0.36kg$) weaned at day $18{\pm}1$ were used to investigate the effects of lactitol and tributyrin on performance, small intestinal morphology and enzyme activity. The pigs were assigned to one of five dietary groups (4 pens/diet with 8 pigs/pen) and were fed the negative control diet or the negative control diet supplemented with 10 g/kg glutamine (as a positive control), or 3 g/kg lactitol (${\beta}$-D-galactopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-D-sorbitol), or 5 g/kg tributyrin (butanoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester), or 3 g/kg lactitol+5 g/kg tributyrin. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly during the 4-week study. On day 7, four pigs per dietary treatment were sacrificed to examine small intestinal morphology and enzyme activity. The results showed that: (1) Compared with the negative control diet, the positive control diet improved weight gain and feed efficiency during weeks 1-2 and over the entire study (p<0.05), and also decreased duodenal and ileal crypt depth (p<0.05), but did not alter intestinal enzyme activity (p>0.05). Lactitol improved feed efficiency during weeks 3-4 and over the entire study (p<0.05), but did not improve weight gain and feed intake, intestinal morphology or enzyme activity (p>0.05). Tributyrin improved weight gain and reduced feed/gain during weeks 3-4 and over the entire study. Tributyrin significantly decreased crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum, and increased duodenal lactase and ileal maltase activity (p<0.05). Lactitol+tributyrin increased weight gain during weeks 3-4 and over the entire study, and improved feed efficiency during weeks 1-2 and 3-4 and over the entire study (p<0.05). Lactitol+tributyrin increased the jejunal villus height, and decreased the duodenal and ileal crypt depth (p<0.05). Lactitol+tributyrin also increased jejunal lactase and sucrase activity (p<0.05). (2) Compared with the positive control, tributyrin improved weight gain and reduced feed/gain during weeks 3-4 (p<0.05), decreased the ileal crypt depth, and improved the duodenal lactase and sucrase activity (p<0.05). Lactitol+ tributyrin improved weight gain during weeks 3-4, improved feed efficiency during weeks 3-4 and over the entire study, increased the ileal villus height, and increased jejunal lactase, sucrase and maltase activity (p<0.05). These results showed that tributyrin improved performance, intestinal morphology and enzyme activity, while the effect of lactitol was very limited. These results also showed that, compared with glutamine, tributyrin was more effective in improving intestinal morphology and enzyme activity, and tributyrin exerted a superior effect in improving performance as weaning progressed. These observations suggest that, as a chemical for repairing intestinal atrophy, glutamine and tributyrin should be used in the first and second periods of the starter phase, respectively.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제34권10호
• /
• pp.1653-1662
• /
• 2021

Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of insoluble cellulose supplementation to diets on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, the incidence of diarrhea, nutrients digestibility, and inflammatory responses in altering environmental conditions of animals housing. Methods: A total of 108 male pigs (Duroc×[Yorkshire×Landrace]) were randomly allocated to one of three dietary treatments (cellulose 0%, 1%, 2%) and two environmental conditions (good sanitary condition vs. poor sanitary condition) to give 6 replicate pens per treatment with three pigs per each pen at 14 days post-weaning. Results: Pigs were in good sanitary condition had higher average daily gain (p<0.01) and improved feed efficiency (p<0.05) from day 1 to 14 after weaning compared to their counterparts. The interactions were found between environmental conditions and dietary treatments (day 7: crypt depth [p<0.01], villous height to crypt depth [p<0.001]; day 14: crypt depth [p<0.001], villous to crypt ratio [p<0.01]) in ileum morphology. Crypt depth was decreased (p<0.05), and villous to crypt ratio was increased (p<0.05) only in poor sanitary conditions. Pigs exposed to the good sanitary condition had higher (p<0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (day 7, gross energy; day 14, dry matter), apparent total tract digestibility (day 14, dry matter and crude protein) compared to pigs housed in the poor sanitary condition. Meanwhile, pigs fed a diet supplemented with 2% cellulose had decreased (p<0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (day 7, dry matter; day 14, crude protein), apparent total tract digestibility (day 7, dry matter; day 14, crude protein, gross energy) compared to pigs fed a diet supplemented with 0% or 1% cellulose. Conclusion: Our results indicated that a diet supplemented with 1% cellulose increased villous to crypt ratio, however feeding a diet containing cellulose (1% or 2%) impaired nutrient digestibility for 14 day after weaning in both good sanitary and poor sanitary conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.134-141
• /
• 2016

To investigate the role of polysaccharide from Acanthopanax senticosus (ASPS) in preventing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury, 18 mice (at 5 wk of age) were assigned to three groups with 6 replicates of one mouse each. Mice were administrated by oral gavage with or without ASPS (300 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days and were injected with saline or LPS at 15 days. Intestinal samples were collected at 4 h post-challenge. The results showed that ASPS ameliorated LPS-induced deterioration of digestive ability of LPS-challenged mice, indicated by an increase in intestinal lactase activity (45%, p<0.05), and the intestinal morphology, as proved by improved villus height (20.84%, p<0.05) and villus height:crypt depth ratio (42%, p<0.05), and lower crypt depth in jejunum (15.55%, p<0.05), as well as enhanced intestinal tight junction proteins expression involving occludin-1 (71.43%, p<0.05). ASPS also prevented intestinal inflammation response, supported by decrease in intestinal inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ (22.28%, p<0.05) and heat shock protein (HSP70) (77.42%, p<0.05). In addition, intestinal mucus layers were also improved by ASPS, as indicated by the increase in number of goblet cells (24.89%, p<0.05) and intestinal trefoil peptide (17.75%, p<0.05). Finally, ASPS facilitated mRNA expression of epidermal growth factor (100%, p<0.05) and its receptor (200%, p<0.05) gene. These results indicate that ASPS can prevent intestinal mucosal barrier injury under inflammatory conditions, which may be associated with up-regulating gene mRNA expression of epidermal growth factor and its receptor.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.718-722
• /
• 2008

Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus (E.S.), which contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG), is reported to have the ability to scavenge oxygen radicals, thereby protecting rat neuronal cells from oxidative damage. The potential of an E.S. extract, which contains a rich PGG, to protect radiosensitive lymphocytes and intestinal crypt cells from radiation injury induced by a single whole-body irradiation (WBI) in vivo was investigated. Our results demonstrated that in immune cells, E.S. treatment decreased the percent of tail DNA, a parameter of DNA damage, compared with levels in untreated, irradiated controls. Furthermore, apoptosis was significantly decreased in lymphocytes and intestinal crypt cells of E.S.-treated mice compared with irradiated controls. These results suggest that the E.S. extract can strengthen the radioresistance of radiosensitive lymphocytes and crypt cells by preventing apoptosis. Therefore, it was concluded that E.S. extract has the radioprotective effects in vivo through an inhibition of apoptosis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.31-41
• /
• 2001

The intestinal histopathology and in situ postures of Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) were studied using C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 mice as experimental hosts; the effects of immunosuppression were also observed. The metacercariae isolated from naturally infected oysters, 300 or 1,000 in number, were infected orally to each mouse, and the mice were killed at days 3-21 post-infection (PI). In immunocompetent (IC) mice, only a small number of flukes were found in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum during days 3-7 PI, with their large oral suckers pinching and sucking the root of villi. The intestinal mucosa showed mild villous atrophy crypt hyperplasia, and inflammations in the villous stroma and crypt, with remarkable goblet cell hyperplasia. These mucosal changes were almost restored after days 14-21 PI. In immunosuppressed (IS) mice. displacement as well as complete loss of villi adjacent to the flukes was frequently encountered, otherwise the histopathology was generally mild, with minimal goblet cell hyperplasia. In these mice, numerous flukes were found, and it seemed that they were actively moving and rotating in situ. Several flukes were found to have invaded into the submucosa, almost facing the serosa. These results indicate that in IC mice the intestinal histopathology caused by G. seoi is generally mild, and the flukes do not penetrate beyond the mucosa, however, in IS mice. the flukes can cause severe destruction of neighboring villi. and some of them invade into the submucosa.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.141-146
• /
• 2010

목 적: 본 연구에서는 방사선에 의한 장점막 손상에 대한 5-androstendiol (5-AED)의 장점막 보호효과 여부를 마우스 위장관 조직에서 평가하여 방사선 보호제로서의 적용가능성을 모색하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 30마리의 C3H/HeN 마우스를 대조군, 방사선 조사군, 방사선 조사 전 5-AED 처리군으로 나누어, 5 Gy와 10 Gy 전신방사선 조사하였다. 5-AED는 방사선 조사 24시간 전에 체중 당 50 mg/kg으로 피하 주사하였다. 10 Gy 전신 방사선 조사 후 3.5일에 마우스를 희생하여 공장조직을 채취하여 소장움 생존, 융모의 개수, 융모의 높이, 소장움의 크기, 10개 장상피세포 당 기저층의 길이를 측정하여 장점막 손상정도를 비교 평가하였다. 또한 apoptosis의 발생빈도수는 5 Gy 방사선 조사 후 12시간에 TUNEL 방법으로 검수하였다. 결 과: 10 Gy 방사선조사 전 5-AED 투여군에서, 방사선 조사군과 비교하여, 소장움의 소실이 상대적으로 적고 융모의 높이가 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 5-AED 전처치군에서 소장움의 크기가 방사선 조사군에 비교하여 증가하였고, 10개의 장 상피세포 당 기저층 길이는 5-AED 전처치군에서 감소함을 관찰하여 소장조직의 방사선 손상에 대해 5-AED의 보호효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 방사선 조사 시 증가한 apoptosis에 대해서는 5-AED의 투여가 유의성 있는 감소 효과를 나타내지 못하였다. 결 론: 5-AED 투여는 방사선에 의한 소장점막의 형태학적인 손상변화에 대해 보호효과가 있으며, 이러한 결과는 방사선 조사 전 5-AED 투여가 방사선에 의한 장점막 손상에 대한 보호약물로 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.63-69
• /
• 2003

Ten barrows, weaned at 28 days (7.2$\pm$0.1 kg BW), were used to evaluate the effects of feeding extruded full-fat soybeans on intestinal morphology and mucosal cell turnover time. All pigs were fed corn-based diets with half of the pigs receiving diets supplemented with 15.5% soybean meal and 3% soybean oil and the remaining pigs fed a diet in which the soybean meal and oil were replaced by 18.5% extruded full-fat soybeans. The pigs were individually placed in $80{\times}150cm$ metabolic cages and fed twice daily an amount approximately equal to their ad libitum intake for a period of 14 days. On day 14, pigs were weighed and then injected intraperitoneally with $^3$H]thymidine ($100{\mu}Ci/kg$ of BW, specific activity 20 Ci/mmol) 6 h after the morning meal. A pig from each treatment was killed 1, 4, 8, 16, or 24 h postinjection and intestinal tissues were collected. Daily gains for pigs fed the soybean diet and extruded full-fat soybean diet were 0.24 and 0.31 kg/day (p=0.05) with feed conversions of 1.58 and 1.39 (p=0.05), respectively. In comparison with pigs fed soybean meal, pigs fed moist extruded full-fat soybeans had a decreased crypt depth in their duodenum and cecum (p<0.1), while the villus height in the mid jejunum and ileum and the total height (villus height plus crypt depth) of the ileum and mid jejunum increased (p<0.05). The villus width in the duodenum and mid jejunum decreased (p<0.05). The number of crypt epithelial cells in the upper jejunum increased but decreased in the ileum, colon and cecum (p<0.05). The number of villus epithelial cells in the ileum and the upper and mid jejunum increased (p<0.05). The time for migration of epithelial cells in the crypt-villus column decreased (p<0.05) in all sites except the upper jejunum, ileum and cecum. The mucosal turnover rate for all intestinal sites except the upper jejunum, colon and cecum decreased (p<0.05). From these data, we conclude that inclusion of moist extruded full-fat soybeans in weanling pig diets can improve the intestinal morphology and slow the migration rate and turnover time of epithelial cells of the small intestine, especially in the mid jejunum compared with soybean meal.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.68-73
• /
• 2001

Studies were performed to determine the effect of red ginseng and white ginseng on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation, and apoptosis of jejunal crypt cells in irradiated mice. The radioprotective effect of ginseng was compared with the effect of diethyldithocarbamate(D). Jejunal crypts were protected from irradiation by pretreatment of red ginseng (50 mg/kg B.W., I.P. at 36 and 12 hours before irradiation) and white ginseng (50 mg/kg B.W., I.P. at 36 and 12 hours before irradiation). Red ginseng administration before irradiation and both pretreatment and posttreatment (50 mg/kg B.W., I.P. at 30 minutes after irradiation) of white ginseng resulted in an increase of the formation of endogenous spleen colony. the frequency of radiation-induced apoptosis in intestinal crypt cells was also reduced by both pretreatment and posttreatment of red ginseng, and pretreatment of white ginseng. The radioprotective effect of DDC (1000 mg/kg B.W., I.P. at 30 minutes before irradiation) on jejunal crypt survival and apoptosis was similar to those of ginseng treatment. Treatment with DDC showed no significant modifying effects on formation of endogenous spleen colony. These results indicated that ginseng might be a useful radioprotector. Further studies are needed to characterize effective radioprotective components and mechanism of ginseng.