• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2013

Purpose: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model was proposed by the World Health Organization for enhancing interdisciplinary communication. The purpose of this study was to examine the functional status of acute stroke patients using ICF core sets-short form. Methods: A set of 15 ICF items on functional status was used by nurses for their daily nursing assessment on functional status in 44 acute stroke patients in a university hospital. Results: The highest level of function was "consciousness", while the lowest was "defecation". Compared with functional status on the first day, consciousness, ingestion, language (mental), and defecation functions were significantly improved on the 14th day. However, there was no significant changes in items on activity and participation or environmental functions. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the function-specific nursing interventions for acute stroke patients need to be developed. Future research needs to test the usefulness of ICF items as an measurement tool.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.57-67
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• 2010

Background and Purpose : Many Physical therapist are inclined to communicate less effectively each other because they hardly use the standard terminology. The purposes of this case report are (1) to apply ICF-based documentation in evaluation (2) to submit the strategy of intervention process to improve the ability of walking short distance of the client who has post-stroke. Description : The client was 44-years-old man with hemiplegia who was in 1 month post-stroke problems were diagnosed while applying the ICF core set. The goals agreed with client were independently walking short distance, stairs and obstacles. To come up with the intervention strategy, hypothesis was set and 4 weeks of intervention was carried out after proposing the short goal and detailed purpose. Outcome : The client's performance in walking short distance and confidence were increased after impairment focused intervention, that are improved in walking velocity, endurance, supporting ability in lower limbs, rhythmical movement in upper limbs and the coordination of both limbs. Activities focused intervention also enhanced the ability in climbing steps and walking around obstacles. Conclusion : The decided hypothesis and goal that are to solve the problems the client faced were remarkably meaningful.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.89-99
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• 2013

The purposes of this study were: 1) to show the item difficulty hierarchy of walking/moving construct of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Activity Measure (ICF-AM), 2) to evaluate the item-level psychometrics for model fit, 3) to describe the relevant physical activity defined by level of activity intensity expressed as Metabolic Equivalent of Tasks (MET), and 4) to explore what extent the empirical activity hierarchy of the ICF-AM is linked to the conceptual model based on the level of energy expenditure described as MET. One hundred and eight participants with lower extremity impairments were examined for the present study. A newly created activity measure, the ICF-AM using an item response theory (IRT) model and computer adaptive testing (CAT) method, has a construct on walking/moving construct. Based on the ICF category of walking and moving, the instrument comprised items corresponding to: walking short distances, walking long distances, walking on different surfaces, walking around objects, climbing, and running. The item difficulty hierarchy was created using Winstep software for 20 items. The Rasch analyses (1-parameter IRT model) were performed on participants with lower extremity injuries who completed the paper and pencil version of walking/moving construct of the ICF-AM. The classification of physical activity can also be performed by the use of METs that is often preferred to determine the level of physical activity. The empirical item hierarchy of walking, climbing, running activities of the ICF-AM instrument was similar to the conceptual activity hierarchy based on the METs. The empirically derived item difficulty hierarchy of the ICF-AM may be useful in developing MET-based activity measure questionnaires. In addition to convenience of applying items to questionnaires, implications of the finding could lead to the use of CAT method without sacrificing the objectivity of physiologic measures.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.55-68
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study is to summarize the best-available intervention evidence for children's sensory integration therapy, drawn from studies published domestically in Korea over the last 10 years. Methods : The articles evaluated in this study were collected from the RISS and DBpia databases using the search terms "sensory integration," "sensory processing," and "Ayres Sensory Integration (ASI)". A total of 19 papers were analyzed. The selected studies were then assessed using the Population, Intervention, Outcomes, and Comparison method, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) method, and the modified Evidence Alert Traffic Light Grading System. Results : Development delay was the most commonly applied diagnosis for children's sensory integration therapy and individual sensory integration therapy was the most frequently used intervention method. The intervention effect was 91 percent in the body structure and function of ICF. The areas concentrated on were sensory modulation, sensory processing, fine and gross motor, body scheme, body-self concept, balance, basic movement, postural control and hand function, attention, and self-esteem. Conclusion : This simple overview of the efficacy of children's sensory integration therapy provides a basis for easy understanding and use by therapists, researchers and families with children.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 2021

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. It has a worldwide pooled prevalence of 5.29%. The characteristics of ADHD can increase the probability of dental treatment, while special behavior management can be required to allow proper treatment. In South Korea, the use of sedation in dental treatment has rapidly increased in recent decades. The present study aimed to investigate the trend and effects of sedation in patients with ADHD undergoing dental treatment in South Korea. Methods: The study used customized health information data provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Among patients with the record of sedative use during the period from January 2007 to September 2019, those with International Classification of Diseases-10 codes for ADHD (F90, F91) were selected; the data of their overall insurance claims for dental treatment were then analyzed. The patients' age, gender, sedative use, and dental treatment were analyzed per year. The annual number of general anesthesia or sedation cases was also analyzed, and changes in the method of behavior management with increasing age were examined. Results: The study involved 7,654 patients with ADHD (6,270 males; 1,384 females). The total number of dental treatments was 137,778, while the number of sedation cases was 16,109, among which 13,052 involved male patients and 3,057 female patients. The number of general anesthesia cases was 631, among which 538 involved male patients and 93 female patients. The most frequently used sedation method in the dental treatment of patients with ADHD was N2O inhalation. The percentage of sedation cases was highest in patients aged 4 years, and it decreased with increasing age. Conclusion: In South Korea, both sedation and dental treatments were slightly more common in patients with ADHD than in the general population. With increasing age, the frequency of dental treatments and the percentage of sedation cases decreased.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.481-490
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify from the International Classification of Functioning model, factors influencing quality of life in elderly persons and to describe the concrete pathway of influence and the power of each variable. Methods: The sample included 334 elders who lived in 5 districts of D Metropolitan City. A structured questionnaire was used and the collected data were analyzed for fitness, using the AMOS 18.0 program. Results: This model was concise and extensive in predicting the quality of life of elders. The research verified the factors influencing quality of life for elders as direct factors such as activity of daily living (ADL) (${\beta}$=.13, t=2.47), leisure activity (${\beta}$=.55, t=5.04), social disengagement (${\beta}$=-.25, t=-2.25), and depression (${\beta}$=-.62, t=-10.86). Indirect factors including economic status (${\gamma}$=.17, p=.009), type of residence (${\gamma}$=.19, p=.004), ADL (${\gamma}$=.12, p=.027) were important factors in predicting quality of life for elders. These variables explained 75.6% of variance in the prediction model. Conclusion: The findings indicate a need for the nursing scientific community to develop intervention programs considering these variables to improve the quality of life for elders.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.11-19
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of instrumental-activity of daily living program on a patient with subacute stroke in the view of self-efficiency, motivation for rehabilitation, social support. Methods : Eight stroke patients who attended instrumental-activity of daily living program at P hospital in Busan Metropolitan City from march 2018 to January 2019 were recruited. Instrumental-activity of daily living program was offered to 8 stroke patients 1 session (at least 1 hours) a day, 5 times a week, for 4~5 weeks. The instrumental-activity of daily living program was based on occupational therapy practice framework (OTPF) and international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). We evaluated self-efficacy, rehabilitation motivation, social support before and after intervention. Self-efficacy was evaluated using the general self-efficacy scale. The collected data was processed using SPSS 20.0 and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results : There were statistically significant differences in self-efficiency, rehabilitation motivation, social support between before and after instrumental-activity of daily living program (p<.05). Examining the correlation between the self-efficiency, rehabilitation motivation and social support of the stroke patient, there was a correlation between the self-efficiency and social support (p<.05). Conclusion : This study showed that the instrumental-activity of daily living program have positive effects on self-efficacy, rehabilitation motivation, social support. When considering the instrumental-activity of daily living program with improved self-efficacy, rehabilitation motivation, social support of the participants, we suggest that further studies will be needed to examine more extensive instrumental-activity of daily living and rehabilitation to the society with a larger sample size.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.246-255
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was to conduct a Korean cultural adaptation of the WHO disability assessment schedule (WHODAS) 2.0: 36-item version. Methods: An internationally standardized process of translation and cultural adaptation of an instrument was used to develop a Korean version of WHODAS 2.0: 36-item version. Linking each item into the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was also conducted in order to ensure the concepts in the translated instrument were compatible with ICF. All translated versions of the instrument, linking results and feedback from participants were used for the final adaptation of the Korean version of the instrument. The Korean version of the instrument was assessed twice on different occasions to examine Inter- and intra-rater reliability, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Results: Twelve participants were involved in the translation and linking process. Ninety-five volunteers were invited to participate to examine the reliability of the instrument. Fifty participants completed the self-rated version of the instrument and 45 finished the interviewer version. The Korean WHODAS 2.0: 36-item version was found to have excellent reliability: self-rated version and interviewer version reliability coefficients were ICC=0.92 and ICC=0.94, respectively. Thirty-four items of the translated instrument were to be linked to ICF categories. Some adaptation was made; details and a familiar example were added to help respondents answer the questions. Conclusion: The study results show that the adaptation of the 36-item version of WHODAS 2.0 to Korean was successful and the instrument is ready for use in testing its psychometric properties.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.56-66
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• 2014

For maintaining adequate psychometric properties when reducing the number of items from an instrument, item level psychometrics is crucial. Strategies such as low item correlation or factor loadings, using classical test theory, have traditionally been advocated. The purpose of this study is to describe the development of a new short form assessing the impact of low back pain on physical activity. Rasch measurement model has been applied to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Activity Measure (ICF-AM). One hundred and one individuals with low back pain aged 19-89 years (mean age: $48.1{\pm}17.3$) who live in the community were participated in the study. Twenty-seven items of lifting/carrying construct of the ICF-AM were analyzed. Ten items were selected from the construct to create a short form. Item elimination criteria include: 1) high or low mean square (out of the range: .6-1.4 for the fit statistics), 2) similar item calibrations to adjacent items, 3) person separation value, and item-person map for potential gap in person ability continuum. All 10 items of the short form fit to the Rasch model except one item (i.e., carrying toddler on back). Despite its high infit and outfit statistics (1.90/2.17), the item had to be reinstated due to potential gaps at the upper extreme of person ability level. The short form had a slightly better spread of person ability continuum compared to the entire set of item. The created short form separated individuals with low back pain into nearly 4 groups, while the entire set of items separated the individuals into 6 groups. The findings prompted multidimensional models for better explanation of the lifting/carrying domain. The item level psychometrics based on the Rasch model can be useful in developing short forms with rationally retained items.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.359-370
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• 2022

Purpose: Physical therapists are required to properly choose the most appropriate treatment for each patient within the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF model). The aims of this study were to determine whether neurological physical therapists in clinical settings in South Korea know about the ICF model and to investigate the current trends of outcome measures (OMs) used by them. Methods: Two hundred and one physical therapists who worked with patients with neurological disorders participated in this study. The survey was conducted via e-mail and asked about commonly used OMs and the considerations for selecting OMs. Results: All physical therapists involved in this study responded completely, and 45.8% of participants learned about the ICF model, while 37.3% understood the detailed information related to the ICF model. The rest of the participants did not know or just heard about the ICF model. The most frequently used tools at the body function/structure level were the Range of Motion (98%), Manual Muscle Test (97%), Berg Balance Scale (83.1%), and Modified Ashworth Scale (70.6%) when allowing repetition. At the activity level, the 10-meter walk test (71.1%), 6-minute walk test (54.2%), and Functional Ambulatory Category (43.3%) were used, while the Activity-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (23.9%) was used at the participation level. There was a positive relationship between the number of tools used and years of work, as well as the level of understanding of the ICF model. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to learn the ICF model in a clinical setting. In addition, the medical system needs to be modified to encourage physical therapists in South Korea to use proper OMs within the ICF model.