• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.26.1-26.12
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• 2018

Shigella spp. constitutes some of the key pathogens responsible for the global burden of diarrhoeal disease. With over 164 million reported cases per annum, shigellosis accounts for 1.1 million deaths each year. Majority of these cases occur among the children of the developing nations and the emergence of multi-drug resistance Shigella strains in clinical isolates demands the development of better/new drugs against this pathogen. The genome of Shigella flexneri was extensively analyzed and found 4,362 proteins among which the functions of 674 proteins, termed as hypothetical proteins (HPs) had not been previously elucidated. Amino acid sequences of all these 674 HPs were studied and the functions of a total of 39 HPs have been assigned with high level of confidence. Here we have utilized a combination of the latest versions of databases to assign the precise function of HPs for which no experimental information is available. These HPs were found to belong to various classes of proteins such as enzymes, binding proteins, signal transducers, lipoprotein, transporters, virulence and other proteins. Evaluation of the performance of the various computational tools conducted using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and a resoundingly high average accuracy of 93.6% were obtained. Our comprehensive analysis will help to gain greater understanding for the development of many novel potential therapeutic interventions to defeat Shigella infection.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.75-98
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• 2018

In this study, the network analysis of researchers, institutions, and research principal agent was conducted to understand structure characteristics of international cooperation research project implemented from 1997 to 2018. The network of researchers and institutions were decentralized structure. On the other hands, the network of research principal agent was centralized structure. The Soul National University is the leading organization of international cooperation research project. In terms of research principal agent, corporation is the leading principal agent. In additions, the results of the network centroid analysis of the researchers and institutions were correlated with the research funds. As a result, it was confirmed that the network centroid of research organization was linearly related to research funds.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.761-764
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• 2005

Indigin, alkylated xanthene (1) and indigoferic acid (2) have been isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of Indigofera oblongifolia, along with $\beta$-sitosterol (3) and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (4), which are reported for the first time from this species. Their structures were determined through spectroscopic techniques. Both the new compounds 1 and 2 showed significant activity against enzyme lipoxygenase, while 2 further showed moderate inhibition against BChE.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.305-323
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• 2017

Statistics was not recognized until the early 20th century as an independent science, and statistical education research came to an international milestone in the late 1940s. The purpose of this study is to investigate the historical development of statistics education research, focusing on the activities of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) and the International Association for Statistical Education (IASE). Statistics education in Korea is considered with regard to the history of international research on statistics education in this study. It implies for the direction of statistical education research to domestic mathematics education researchers and statistical researchers related to statistical education research.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.19-27
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• 2015

Purpose - In a global economy, marketers are required to understand service quality from an international consumer viewpoint. Despite the increased need for cross-cultural research, few studies have developed service quality research international in scope. The present research aims to shed light on variations in airline service quality among international consumers. Research design, data, and methodology - Conducting crosscultural research, this study compares airline service quality variations, investigating an international consumer group and a Korean consumer group. T-test and factor analyses are applied to examine mean scores and factor structure of the airline service dimensions. Results - The results indicate there are significant differences in mean comparisons between the groups. The international consumers indicate significantly higher service perception scores than the Koreans. Further, we find that the factor structure of airline service quality diverges between the groups. The international group considers airline service quality in four dimensions, while Koreans consider it in two. Conclusions - The study sheds new light on international service variations and suggests that the field of airline service quality may differ by nations and/or cultures.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.334-351
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the improvement effect of white ginseng extract (GS-KG9) on D-galactosamine (Ga1N)-induced oxidative stress and liver injury. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups. Rats were orally administrated with GS-KG9 (300, 500, or 700 mg/kg) or silymarin (25 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. The rats of the GS-KG9- and silymarin-treated groups and a control group were then intraperitoneally injected Ga1N at a concentration of 650 mg/kg for 4 days. To investigate the protective effect of GS-KG9 against GalN-induced liver injury, blood liver function indicators, anti-oxidative stress indicators, and histopathological features were analyzed. RESULTS: Serum biochemical analysis indicated that GS-KG9 ameliorated the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in GalN-treated rats. The hepatoprotective effects of GS-KG9 involved enhancing components of the hepatic antioxidant defense system, including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). In addition, GS-KG9 treatment inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by GalN treatment in hepatocytes and significantly increased the expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) proteins, which are antioxidant proteins. In particular, by histological analyses bases on hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, α-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-β1 staining, we determined that the administration of 500 mg/kg GS-KG9 inhibited hepatic inflammation and fibrosis due to the excessive accumulation of collagen. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that GS-KG9 improves GalN-induced liver inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis by attenuating oxidative stress. Therefore, GS-KG9 may be considered a useful candidate in the development of a natural preventive agent against liver injury.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.181-205
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• 2020

International trade theory is largely divided into the pure theory of international trade and the theory of trade policy. The pure theory of international trade is an academic field that conducts research related to the trade flow of goods and services between countries and the movement of production factors across borders. Meanwhile, the theory of trade policy studies the positive and normative aspects of trade policy which a government adopts to achieve its policy goals. In this study, about 230 papers in the field of international trade theory published in the Korea Trade Review over the past 45 years (1975~2019) are examined in meta analysis by period and subject. First, this study provides the main research subjects of international trade theory, and historically reviews the overall development of trade theory by paying attention to the core and pioneering papers, domestic and foreign. Second, the publications in the field of trade theory are classified by subject, and the domestic and foreign research trends are also examined for each subject with the analysis of major publication of this Journal.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2013

This study was carried to establish a simple isolation and purification method of ginsenoside $F_1$ from leaves of Panax ginseng and was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of purified ginsenoside $F_1$ on the activities of elastase and tyrosinase. The content of ginsenoside $F_1$ was 90-fold higher in leaves than in root of ginseng. Ginsenoside $F_1$ was isolated from EtOAc fraction between EtOAc and alkalized water of 80% EtOH extract after remove of hydrophobic components. The 50% inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) of ginsenoside $F_1$ on elastase activity and tyrosinase activity was 1.07 mM and 1.81 mM, respectively. Especially, inhibitory effect of ginsenoside $F_1$ on tyrosinase activity was higher than that of arbutin ($IC_{50}$; 2.20 mM). These results indicate that ginsenoside $F_1$ have a potential for industrial cosmetic materials.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.210-218
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• 2015

The antioxidant activity of white ginseng was not recorded in Korea Functional Food Code, while its activity of red ginsengs was recorded. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hepato protective effect of different ginsengs in H₂O₂-treated HepG2 cells. White and red ginseng were prepared from longitudinal section of the same fresh ginseng (4-year old). The whole parts of white and red ginsengs were separately extracted with 70% ethanol and distilled water respectively, at 70 ℃ to obtain therapeutic ginseng extracts namely, WDH (distilled water extract of white ginseng), WEH (70% ethanol extract of white ginseng), RDH (distilled water extract of red ginseng) and REH (70% ethanol extract of red ginseng). In this work, we have investigated the DPPH, hydroxyl radical, Fe²⁺-chelating activity, intracellular ROS scavenging capacity and lipid peroxidation of different ginsengs. All these extracts showed a dose dependent free-radical scavenging capacity and a ROS generation as well as lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced by treatment with bioactive extracts of white ginsengs (WDH) than red ginsengs. Additionally, white ginseng extracts (WDH) has dramatically increased intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities like superoxide dismutase and catalase in H₂O₂-treated HepG2 cells. All these results explain that administration of white ginseng is useful as herbal medicine than red ginseng for chemoprevention of liver damage.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.8
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• pp.7-19
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• 1995