• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2002

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the anti-oxidative effects of Oldenlandiae Diffusae Herba Water extract (ODHW) on lipid peroxidation by free radicals oxidative hepatic injury. Methods : In order to evaluate anti-oxidative activities of ODHW in the liver cell, cultured normal rat liver cells(Ac2F) were incubated with or without ODHW. After 16 hours to 18 hours of experiment, cells were placed in DMEM medium without serum, and then incubated with 1mM tert-butyl hydro-peroxide(t-BHP) for two hours. Viable cells were detected by MTT assay. The levels of LPO induced by hydroxyl radical derived from H2O2-Fe2+ system in rat liver homogenate were determined by means of TBA. Inhibitory effect of ODHW on superoxide generation was measured by xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Results : In the linoleic acid autoxidation system, ODHW exhibited antioxidant activity, which inhibited 85% of linoleic acid peroxidation. These effects were similar to those of dl-a-tocopherol. ODHW showed scavenging effects on DPPH radical, inhibited superoxide generation in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, and also inhibited lipid peroxidation of rat liver tissue with hydroxyl radical derived from $H_2O_2-Fe^{2+}$ system. In addition, ODHW protected the cell death induced by t-BHP and it significantly increased cell viability in a normal rat liver cell(Ac2F)

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.338-354
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• 2009

Objective : Gamijihwang-tang(GJT) has been used as a therapeutic agent for hyperlipidemia in oriental medicine for several years. This study was performed to investigate the effects of GJT on hyperlipidemia in rats using diverse biological methods. Method : Hyperlipidemia was induced by a hyper-lipidemic diet fed for 4 weeks. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose were measured in the serum after an oral administration of GJT. Lipid peroxidase, SOD, catalase, ACAT, and HMG-CoA were measured in liver after oral administration of GJT. Result: 1. GJT showed safety against cytotoxicity and toxicity in liver. 2. GJT significantly decreased rat's body and liver weight. 3. GJT significantly decreased serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, but increased serum HDL-cholesterol. 4. GJT significantly decreased serum triglyceride and glucose. 5. GJT significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and increased SOD and catalase in liver. 6. GJT significantly decreased ACAT and HMG-CoA reductase of cholesterol manifestation in liver. Conclusions : These results suggest that GJT might be effective in treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.675-681
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• 2001

Objectives : It was designed for making theoretical base about the relation of the Spleen, Stomach and the liver which could be used in clinic. Methods : Including Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經), the 22 kinds of books written about the relation of the Spleen, Stomach and the Liver, and 2 kinds of papers were referenced. They were divided and studied according to physiology, pathology, meridian system and treatment. This study is focused on internal organ theory. Conclusion 1. In physiology, the Liver has the function of smoothing and regulating the flow of vital energy(Ki), while the Spleen is in charge of digestion and transportation. 2. In pathology, there can be informed disharmony of the Spleen, Stomach and the Liver, blood deficiency in the Liver and Spleen, jaundice, and bleeding etc. 3. In meridian system, the junction points of Spleen Meridian and Liver Meridian are Liv14, SP6, SP12, SP13. 4. In treatment, 1) If there is disharmony of the Liver and Spleen, the Liver must be soothed and the function of Spleen invigorated. 2) If there is disharmony of the Liver and Stomach, the Liver must be soothed and the function of Stomach invigorated.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1390-1396
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• 2008

The aim of this study is to analyze literatures researching changes of liver function parameters after administration of herbal medicine and the safety of herbal medicine on hepato-biliary system. Eight Korean databases were searched for researches on the safety of oriental herbal medicine. According to inclusion criteria, nineteen studies were selected and analyzed. As a result, seventy outcomes in five parameters(aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, gamma(${\gamma}$)-glutamyl transferase, alkaline Phosphatase, total bilirubin) were obtained. After administration, parameters decreased or sustained in fifty seven outcomes. In thirteen outcomes, parameters slightly increased. In two outcomes, parameters increased but not severely. The change of liver function parameters after administration of herbal medicine is expected to be harmless. But it requires additional large scale studies and modification in method to corroborate the safety of herbal medicine.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.379-386
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• 2000

1. There two parts of alcohol's metabolic system the first one is alcoholdehydrogenase(ADH), and second is microsomal ethanol oxidizing system(MEOS). 2. Alcoholic cirrhosis(fibrosis) leads from cytotoxin, malnutrition, and immunue reaction. 3. In the Oriental medical point of view alcohol has strong heat and toxin, which can cause judal, ju-ka, ju-beack, ju-juck, and ko-chang in other words these means that it can cause hepatasis, fatty liver, fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis. 4. About the Liver cirrhosis(fibrosis) pathological system, in the oriental medical point of view, it effects the liver, kidney and spleen which causes Uy-heulGin-guk(瘀血 積), seup-yeul ne-oun(濕熱內蘊), and in the long term it can cause kansinyumhu(肝腎陰虛), kanbeyumhu(肝脾陰虛). Because of the expand of alcohol liver disease, in the future there must be more studies about these disease in Oriental medicine point of view.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.129-139
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• 2024

Objective : This study aims to investigate core herbs and formulas in Internal Medicine on the Liver system (IML) to enhance the efficiency of teaching IML, Herbalogy, and Formula Science, as well as to increase the integration of these courses. Methods : The study employed the frequency concept, commonly utilized in previous studies, alongside network analysis. Results : This study identified frequently used herbs, herbs with high centrality, frequently combined herbs, and core formulas. The herb with the highest frequency was 'Angelicae Gigantis Radix', while the herb with the highest centrality was 'Citri Unshius Pericarpium', and the most frequent herb combination was 'Zingiberis Rhizoma - Citri Unshius Pericarpium'. The network analysis results revealed a total of 5 herbal combination communities. Conclusion : In this study, we identified core herbs using traditional frequency analysis methods. Additionally, to complement traditional analysis methods, we discovered core herbal combinations, and fundamental herbal prescriptions through network analysis. The results of this study can be utilized as foundational data to enhance the efficiency of education in Internal Medicine on the Liver system (IML), Herbology, and Formula Science courses, as well as to improve coherence and consistency between foundational and clinical subjects.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.39.1-39.15
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• 2023

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination may non-specifically alter the host immune system. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on hepatitis B surface Ag (HBsAg) titer and host immunity in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Consecutive 2,797 CHB patients who had serial HBsAg measurements during antiviral treatment were included in this study. Changes in the HBsAg levels after COVID-19 vaccination were analyzed. The dynamics of NK cells following COVID-19 vaccination were also examined using serial blood samples collected prospectively from 25 healthy volunteers. Vaccinated CHB patients (n=2,329) had significantly lower HBsAg levels 1-30 days post-vaccination compared to baseline (median, -21.4 IU/ml from baseline), but the levels reverted to baseline by 91-180 days (median, -3.8 IU/ml). The velocity of the HBsAg decline was transiently accelerated within 30 days after vaccination (median velocity: -0.06, -0.39, and -0.04 log₁₀ IU/ml/year in pre-vaccination period, days 1-30, and days 31-90, respectively). In contrast, unvaccinated patients (n=468) had no change in HBsAg levels. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the frequency of NK cells expressing NKG2A, an NK inhibitory receptor, significantly decreased within 7 days after the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine (median, -13.1% from baseline; p<0.001). The decrease in the frequency of NKG2A⁺ NK cells was observed in the CD56^dimCD16⁺ NK cell population regardless of type of COVID-19 vaccine. COVID-19 vaccination leads to a rapid, transient decline in HBsAg titer and a decrease in the frequency of NKG2A⁺ NK cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.630-636
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• 2002

After The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, The text researches of pathologic change to the liver disease concluded the next, 1, The category of liver-disease(肝病) include the Symptoms of abnormality due to vital energy and blood motion, emotion and intention, muscular and reproductive function, and legions around descending liver channel. 2. In the theory that Liver-Yang energy(肝陽氣) is always overproducing, Liver-Yin blood(肝陰血) is always lacking, pathologic characteristics for liver disease is functional change of malfunction of the use of body(體用失調), So nourishing the liver and kidney is used for the principal aspects of a disease. regulating and calm the liver is used for the secondary aspects of a disease as the treatment plan, 3. If malfunctioning of the functions of dispersion and discharge(疏泄), Iiver-energy(肝氣) is becoming degected, So overproduct and overflow of ascent and exhalation of liver-yang(肝陽) is becoming blood are ascending following energy. complete usage of Yin-blood(陰血) is responsible for some kinds of mass formed by blood stasis in the early stage of pathogenesis of liver disease syndrome of the energy system as the progession of disease extravasated blood is forming. the pathologic characteristics is appeared loss of control of the vital energy and blood(體用失調) at the liver disease. 4. Sthenia-syndrome of liver(肝實證) and liver-heat syndrome(肝熱證) is appered that overproducing and overflow of dispersion(疏泄太過) and discharge is responsible for overfunctioning of liver disease or some kinds of heat syndrome such as liver fire(肝火), Sthenia of liver-yang(肝陽上亢), the syndromes of sthenic liver heat(肝實熱) are appered. deficiency of the liver(肝虛證) and cold syndrome of liver(肝寒證) is classified pathologic characteristics of cold and heat, deficiency and excess that regression of sensory, motor, mental due to lack of dispersion and discharge(疏泄不及), or intruding of the cold miasma, are degected. 5. The liver is close relation of physiologic function and internal organ such as spleen, stomach, lung, heart, kidney, gall bladder by the meridian channels, because of property of wind Zang, rapid progession is classified by phthologic charateristics.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.404-409
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• 2017

This study was to determine whether blue honeysuckle lyophilized concentrated powder (BH) has positive effects on hypothyroidism and related liver damage in propylthiouracil-induced Hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine (LT4)-treated group was administrated by intraperitoneal injection with LT4, while BH or Flos Lonicerae lyophilized aqueous extract (LF)-treated groups were orally administrated for 42 days which two weeks pri or to PTU injection. The changes in organ weight, serum AST & ALT, serum lipid level, liver defense system were measured and the histopathology of the liver was observed. The oral administrations of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of BH showed favorable effects compared to LF on hypothyroidism-related liver damages through the enhance antioxidant defense system.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2016

To observe the potential hepatoprotective effects of Gongjin-dan on the acute ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver damages in C57BL/6 mice with its possible action mechanisms. EtOH-mediated acute hepatic damages were induced by oral administration of EtOH total 3 doses. The changes on the body weight, liver weight, albumin, TG, AST, ALP, ALT, hepatic TG contents, hepatic antioxidant defense system, TNF-α, CYP 2E1 activity and mRNA expressions of hepatic lipogenic genes - SREBP-1c, SCD1, ACC1, FAS, PPARγ and DGAT2 or genes involved in fatty acid oxidation - PPARα, ACO and CPT1 were observed with final liver histopathological inspections after 15 days of continuous administration of silymarin 200 mg/kg, Gongjin-dan (GJD) 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg. The results were compared with silymarin 200 mg/kg treated mice. Marked decreases of body and liver weights, increases of serum AST, ALT, Albumin and TG levels, hepatic TG contents, TNF-α level, CYP 2E1 activity and mRNA expressions of hepatic lipogenic genes or decreases mRNA expressions of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation were observed with histopathological changes related hepatosteatosis increases of immunolabelled hepatocytes, as the results of a binge drinking of EtOH in the present study. Also destroys of hepatic antioxidant defense systems were demonstrated in EtOH control mice as compared with intact vehicle control mice, respectively. The results suggest that oral administration of 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg of GJD favorably protected the liver damages from acute mouse EtOH intoxications.