• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2008

The practice of studying "黃帝內經" is one that is deeply rooted throughout Korean history. The main textbook used in educational institutions as early as the Era of the Three States, it was also actively examined. A doctor examination system was introduced in the Koryo dynasty, which reinforced "Internal Classic"'s status as an important subject of study. Following the nation-wide acceptance of Confucism, scholar-physicians came to be and this book was studied as an important scripture. By Chosun dynasty, the entire medical systems becomes centered around "Internal Classic. Internal Classic is not only included in medical examination manual written in the period of Sejong's rein but was cited in many medical texts published during this time span including Euibangyoochi, Hyngyakjipseongbang, and thus can bee seen as the conceptual basis of medicine. In late Chosun dynasty with the emergence of the Korean Traditional Medicine's scripture, The Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine, "Internal Classic" is spotlighted as a scripture of importance among medical families. Lee Kyu-Jun, a doctor of the Japanese occupation era, examined "Internal Classic" based on a theory called fuyang theory and produced a creative medical theory.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2009

"Treatise on cold damage and miscellaneous disease" is a ancient formula records on keeping in good health, provided "Internal classic" is a ancient codes on keep in good health. It can be inferred that Zhang Zhongjing was a first inheritor of academic ideology from "formula followed by establishment of the therapeutic principles". Before writing and compiling the "Treatise on cold damage and miscellaneous disease", Zhang zhongjing got the essence of "Internal classic" after composing and utilizing "Plain Questions", "Miraculous pivot and classic of difficult issues", so all the theory foundations of "Treatise on cold damage and miscellaneous disease" came from "Internal classic". The keynote of internal classic lies in obeying the Yin and Yang in natural world and preserving and maintaining the yang-qi of human body to attain the longest life-span. Zhang assimilated the essence of "Internal classic" and then generated a new ideological system - "Treatise on cold damage and miscellaneous disease" when studying it. This article is to expound ideology inheritance of keeping in good health by protecting Yang in "Internal classic" from analyzing the usage of Guizhi in "treatise on cold damage diseases".

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.314-364
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• 2006

This thesis is a study on the Significance of Pulse in Internal Classic(內經脈義) in the Chapters on Vitality of Pulse(脈神章) in the Complete Works of Zhang Jingyue(景岳全書) Vol. IV. The Complete Works of Zhang Jingyue(景岳全書) is composed of 64 volumes. Maishenzhang, the Chapters on Vitality of Pulse(脈神章) is composed of 3 chapters. The first chapter is the Significance of Pulse in Internal Classic(內經服義). The terminology, Maishen(脈神) means the Vitality of Pulse, which was introduced by Zhang Jingyue to emphasize that the keypoint of sphygmological diagnosis is the vitality of pulse. The Significance of Pulse in Internal Classic(內經脈義) is composed of 20 parts including Buwei(部位), Maidu(脈度), Sanbujiuhou(三部九候), Qizhen(七診), Liujingmaoti(六經脈體), ect. in Miraculous Pivot(靈樞). There are no commentaries in most of them, which is because there are explanatory notes in Leijing(類經). Therefore, I referred to explanatory notes in Leijing(類經) to study the Significance of Pulse in Internal Classic(內經脈義), and make a study as followings.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.71-95
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• 2015

Objectives : I'd like to introduce a Korean medical scientist, Lee Gyoojoon (李圭晙, 1855-1923)'s achievements about Huangdi's Internal Classic (黃帝內經, HIC) to examine the Section of Viscera and Bowels to inspect the Medical Classics (稽經藏府篇, SVBIM) of the Double grinded Medical Mirror (醫鑑重磨, DMM), which is a medical book published in 1922, his last studies. And I'd like to describe its meaning of medical history. Methods : For this, I compared the DMM with two primary texts, the representative medical books of Joseon dynasty, Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑, TMEM) and Lee's former research result of HIC, Major Essentials of Huangdi's Internal Classic Plain Question (黃帝內經素問大要, MEHIC), in the aspects of the original text, annotation, editing, attached theses, and so on. Results : Lee Gyoojoon criticized the TMEM in two aspects. First, it was unfocused and miscellaneous, second, it intended to help Yin Qi (陰氣) and reduce Yang Qi (陽氣) so that it regards a prime mover, Yang Qi, as an enemy. In order to solve these problems he deleted miscellaneous articles and sort out the points to accord with the HIC. As a result, he had written the Section of SVBIM of the DMM in the form of revising the subtitles or refuting the contents of TMEM and quoted the partial texts of MEHIC to be written by the view of Supporting Yang Qi (扶陽). Conclusions : Lee Gyoojoon proposed the Supporting Yang Qi medicine to preserve the Heart fire (心火) based on his lifelong Neo-Confucianism (性理學) study. The Section of SVBIM of the DMM showed how to apply his medical theory, which is achieved by the study of the medical classic HIC to real clinical medicine through a medium of the TMEM. In addition, it could explain concretely how the Confucianists studied the medicine and how Confucianism can impact to the development of medical theory.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.142-170
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• 2011

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate dizziness of Plain Questions $\ll$素問$\gg$ and Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$. Methods : We conducted a study on the original text paragraphs of Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ containing the dizziness and analysis of Yang, Ma, Zhang, Wang etc. We drew a parallel between dizziness from Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$and matching diagnoses from western medicine. Results : The results were as follows. 1. Dizziness in Ok Ki Jin Jiang Ron <玉機眞藏論> and Pyo Bon Byeong Jeon Ron <標本病傳論> had relation to liver and was similar to dizziness caused by tension, hypertension, anemia and cerebrovascular accident etc. in western medicine. 2. Dizziness in Ja Yeol<刺熱>, O Sa<五邪> and Hai Ron<海論> had relation to kidney and was similar to dizziness caused by aging and peripheral vertigo concurrent with tinnitus and difficulty in hearing in western medicine. 3. Dizziness in O Sa<五邪> had relation to heart(pericardium) and was similar to dizziness caused by cardiac output loss and psychogenic dizziness in western medicine. 4. In Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ the main etiology of dizziness was infirmity(虛), which were Qi(氣) of the upper portion of the body being insufficient(上氣不足), blood depletion(血枯), deficiency of marrow-reservoir(髓海不足) etc. 5. In Dae Hok Ron<大惑論> etiology and pathogenesis of dizziness were mentioned and dizziness was similar to dizziness caused by eye disorder, psychogenic dizziness and central dizziness in western medicine. 6. In Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ the meridian of acupuncture points which was used much for dizziness was Bladder Meridian. Aqupunture points used in treatment of dizziness were Ch'onju(天柱), Kollyun(崑崙), Taejo, Chok-t'ongkok(足通谷) etc. Conclusion : We found out etiology, pathogenesis, treatments of dizziness in Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$. Further we compared with western medicine to develop better understanding of dizziness.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2019

Background: The phrase "Nine Needles" refers to the 9 types of acupuncture needles describing their shapes, sizes, and uses in Huangdi's Internal Classic Ling-shu. The aim of this study was to present 3D illustrations of the "Nine Types of Needles" based on Huangdi's Internal classic Ling-shu, taking into consideration the conformation and application of the Nine Needles. Methods: Sketches of the "Nine Needles" were based on references to those needles cited in Huangdi's Internal Classic Ling-shu, the Great Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, and the Golden Mirror of Medicine. The computer programs Creo 3.0, Keyshot 5, Adobe Photoshop CS5, and Adobe Illustrator CS5 were used for 3D modelling and visualization. Results: Based on a review of Huangdi's Internal Classic Ling-shu, illustrations of the Spade needle, Round-Pointed needle, Pressure needle, Sharp-Edged needle, Sword-Shaped needle, Round-Sharp needle, Fine needle, Long needle, and Large needle, 3D models were created. The Spade needle had a sharp, large head, the Round-Pointed needle had an egg-shaped tip, and the Pressure needle had a blunt head like a grain of millet. The Sharp-Edged needle had a sharp blade with a triangular edge for bloodletting. The Sword-Shaped needle resembled a sword. The Round-Sharp needle resembled a horse's tail. The Fine needle and the Long needle had sharp points and thin bodies. The Large needle had a cylindrical shaft and rounded tip. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 3D illustrations could be generated for the Nine Needles according to the descriptions and figures provided in the ancient literature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.101-115
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to define women's classic tailored suits surviving, despite current millennial impulses tend toward disintegration in style. Through documentary study, the reason which women had chosen the mannish tailored suits instead of sumptuous dresses in the 20th century beginnings is considered carefully. Also, examining the process of transition of women's classic suits makes it possible to infer the aesthetic characteristics of them. According to study, women had began to wear tailored suits acquiring physical comfort and the equality of the sexes. In the early stage, women imitated men's tailored suits in order to show seriousness, intelligent, capability for social success. However, in accordance with the advance of women's social position women modified it to suits themselves to present intrinsic feminity as well as masculine values. By staying the basic form, classic tailored suits have undergone constant internal changes in relation to sexuality. The aesthetic properties of women's classic tailored suits can be inferred as moderation, dualism, and versatility. In conclusion, the credibility with own authority and the evolutionary character inhering in the classic tailored suits could explain the continuity of them.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.224-252
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• 2010

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate tinnitus of Plain Questions $\ll$素問$\gg$ and Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$. Methods : We conducted a study on the original text paragraphs of Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ containing the tinnitus and analysis of Yang, Ma, Zhang, Wang etc. We drew a parallel between tinnitus from Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ and matching diagnoses from western medicine. Results : The results were as follows. 1. Tinnitus in Plain Questions $\ll$素問$\gg$Tong Pyeong Heo Sil Ron <通評虛實論> was similar to the symptoms of diabetes mellitus complication and schizophreniform disorder in western medicine. 2. Liver fire tinnitus in Plain Questions $\ll$素問$\gg$ Yuk Won Jeong Gi Dae Ron <六元正紀大論> was similar to the symptoms of psychological distress in western medicine. 3. Phlegm fire tinnitus in Plain Questions $\ll$素問$\gg$ Ji Jin Yo Dae Ron <至眞要大論> was similar to the symptoms of meniere's disease and malfunction of autonomic nervous system in western medicine. 4. Blood deficiency tinnitus in Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$ Sa Gi Jang Bu Byeong Hyeong <邪氣藏府病形> was similar to the symptoms of anemia in western medicine. 5. Tinnitus in Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$ Gyeong Geun <經筋> was similar to the myofacial pain syndrome of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the masseter muscle in western medicine. 6. Gallbladder deficiency tinnitus in Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$ Gwol Hyeong <厥病> was similar to the symptoms of otitis media and labyrinthitis in western medicine. 7. Kidney deficiency tinnitus in Miraculous Pivot $\ll$靈樞$\gg$ Gyeol Gi <決氣> and Hai Ron <海論> was similar to the symptoms of degenerative auditory organ in western medicine. 8. Tinnitus in Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ showed close relations with the symptoms of the wind character. Conclusion : We analyzed the original text paragraphs of Internal Classic $\ll$內經$\gg$ and explanations about tinnitus. Further studies are needed to compare oriental medicine and western medicine diagnoses to develop better treatments for tinnitus.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.203-208
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• 1996

Lee-Jae ma referred Hae-Yeok disease as a TAE-YANG person's peculiar disease in Dnoguisusaebowon. I looked around referred portion of Hae-Yeok disease in Internal Classic and the annotation of that part. As a result, newly emphasized stat of Hae-Yeok disease-that is "weak but not weak, strong but not strong" "the upper part of body is healthy, but the lower part is hae-yeok"-is not existed in Internal Classic itself. A person regarded as TAE-YANG person with Hae-Yeok disease is changed for the better by taking Ogapijangcheoktang. And as mentioned in Donguisusaebowon, rage, sorrow cause to appear and grow worse this dease.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2013

Objective : This article is based on a formula taken from Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber(金匮要略). Shen Qi Pill(肾气丸) is generally used for such deficiency cases as: consumptive diseases, xiaoke(消渴) (waisting, thirst), beriberi, urinary problems during pregnancy, phlegm and so forth, and its main purpose is to treat Kidney Qi depletion, Qi transformation disorders, without obvious hot/cold appearance patterns. Method : Mainly through the literature study of related treatise on IInner Canon of the Yellow Emperor's internal classic(黃帝内经) and The Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber. Result : According to the Yellow Emperor's internal classic, the Kidney has three main functions, storing essence, controlling the waters and holding Qi. Shen Qi Pill's(肾气丸) source formula is intended to supplement even though its constituent herbs aren't the warming type. To reinforce the Qi's transformation ability is considered to be a main function of the kidney organ, and in clinic, diagnosed kidney related problems and its treatment process are mainly associated with warming to help the Qi transforming. Conclusion : Thus recovering the kidneys Qi's transformation function is part of the process to eliminate diseases. Just cause the Kidney is deficient we shouldn't think immediately of using warming supplement herbs.