• 대한수의학회지
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2020

Natural killer (NK) cells play have a crucial role in the early phase of immune responses against various pathogens. We compared characteristics of canine NK cells against two canine mammary carcinoma cell lines, REM134 and CF41.Mg. REM134 showed higher expression of progesterone receptor, proliferative cell nuclear antigen, Ki67, multiple drug resistance, Bmi-1, c-myc, E-cadherin, and human epidermal growth factor receptor type-2 than that of CF41.Mg. For specific expansion and activation of NK cells, we isolated CD5 negative cells from canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and co-cultured K562 cells in the presence of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, and IL-21 for 21 days. As a result, we found that expression markers of activated NK cells such as NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKG2D, CD244, perforin, granzyme B, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were highly upregulated. In addition, we found there was upregulated production of interferon gamma of activated NK cells against target cells such as REM134 and CF41.Mg. Specifically, we observed that cytotoxicity of NK cells against target cells was more sensitively reacted to CF41.Mg than REM134. Based on the results of this study, we recommend the development of an experimental application of CF41Mg, which has not been reported in canine mammary carcinoma research.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.1044-1050
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• 2006

The Korean genuine medicine, 'Gigukjihwangtanggami (GJT)' has long been used clinically for hypertension and various cerebrovascular diseases. However, experimental study has been carried out very little. Recently cytokines involved in the regulation of inflammatory reactions and immune responses may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction (CI). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of GJT on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCS) stimulated with lipopolysaccaride (LPS) from Cl patients. The amount of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha}),\;interleukin-1{\beta}\;(IL-1{\beta})$, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4 and IL-10 in PBMC culture supernatant was significantly increased in the LPS treated cells compared to unstimulated cells. GJT inhibited the production of $TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and IL-8 induced by LPS. The maximal inhibition rate of the $TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and IL-8 production by pretreatment of GJT (1 mg/ml) was $57.32{\pm}2.5%$ (p.0.05), $42.02{\pm}3.5%$ (p.0.05), $40.02{\pm}2.3%$ (p.0.05) and $48.02{\pm}3.1$, (p.0.05), respectively. In the Other hand, GJT increased the production of IL-4 and IL-10. The maximal increase rate of the IL-4 and IL-10 production by pretreatment of GJT (1 mg/ml) was $42.4{\pm}3.3%$ (p.0.05) End $56.4{\pm}2.9%$ (p.0.05), respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that GJT Ray have regulatory effects on the cytokine production and suggest that GJT might use clinically for the treatment of CI.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.580-588
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenoside Rg1 has been shown to clear senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-gal) in cultured cells. It remains unknown whether Rg1 can influence SA-${\beta}$-gal in exercising human skeletal muscle. Methods: To examine SA-${\beta}$-gal change, 12 young men (age $21{\pm}0.2years$) were enrolled in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled crossover study, under two occasions: placebo (PLA) and Rg1 (5 mg) supplementations 1 h prior to a high-intensity cycling (70% $VO_{2max}$). Muscle samples were collected by multiple biopsies before and after cycling exercise (0 h and 3 h). To avoid potential effect of muscle biopsy on performance assessment, cycling time to exhaustion test (80% $VO_{2max}$) was conducted on another 12 participants (age $23{\pm}0.5years$) with the same experimental design. Results: No changes of SA-${\beta}$-gal were observed after cycling in the PLA trial. On the contrary, nine of the 12 participants showed complete elimination of SA-${\beta}$-gal in exercised muscle after cycling in the Rg1 trial (p < 0.05). Increases in apoptotic DNA fragmentation (PLA: +87% vs. Rg1: +133%, p < 0.05) and $CD68^+$ (PLA:+78% vs. Rg1:+121%, p = 0.17) occurred immediately after cycling in both trials. During the 3-h recovery, reverses in apoptotic nuclei content (PLA:+5% vs. Rg1 -32%, p < 0.01) and increases in inducible nitrate oxide synthase and interleukin 6 mRNA levels of exercised muscle were observed only in the Rg1 trial (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Rg1 supplementation effectively eliminates senescent cells in exercising human skeletal muscle and improves high-intensity endurance performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.1112-1121
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• 2019

Objective: Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been reported to be associated with uterine impairment, embryonic resorption, ovarian dysfunction, and follicle retardation. Here, we aimed to investigate the toxic effects of LPS on the maturation ability and parthenogenetic developmental competence of bovine oocytes. Methods: First, we developed an in vitro model to study the response of bovine cumulusoocyte complexes (COCs) to LPS stress. After incubating germinal vesicle COCs in $10{\mu}g/mL$ of LPS, we analyzed the following three aspects: the expression levels of the LPS receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in COCs, activities of intracellular signaling protein p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$); and the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, and IL-6. Furthermore, we determined the effects of LPS on the maturation ability and parthenogenetic developmental competence of bovine oocytes. Results: The results revealed that LPS treatment significantly elevated TLR4 mRNA and protein expression levels in COCs. Exposure of COCs to LPS also resulted in a marked increase in activity of the intracellular signaling protein p-p38 MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$. Furthermore, oocytes cultured in maturation medium containing LPS had significantly higher concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-6. LPS exposure significantly decreased the first polar body extrusion rate. The cytoplasmic maturation, characterized by polar body extrusion and distribution of peripheral cortical granules, was significantly impaired in LPS-treated oocytes. Moreover, LPS exposure significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and the relative mRNA abundance of the antioxidants thioredoxin (Trx), Trx2, and peroxiredoxin 1 in oocytes. Moreover, the early apoptotic rate and the release of cytochrome C were significantly increased in response to LPS. The cleavage, morula, and blastocyst formation rates were significantly lower in parthenogenetically activated oocytes exposed to LPS, while the incidence of apoptotic nuclei in blastocysts was significantly increased. Conclusion: Together, these results provide an underlying mechanism by which LPS impairs maturation potential in bovine oocytes.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1169-1180
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• 2021

Objective: This research aimed to study the effects of Artemisia argyi flavonoids (AAF) supplemented in diets on the growth performance and immune function of broiler chickens challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: A total of one hundred and ninety-two 1-d-old broiler chicks were assigned into 4 treatment groups, which were, respectively, fed a basal diet (control), fed a diet with 750 mg/kg AAF, fed a basal diet, and challenged with LPS, fed a diet with 750 mg/kg AAF, and challenged with LPS. Each treatment had six pens with 8 chicks per pen. On days 14, 16, 18, 20 (stress phase I) and 28, 30, 32, 34 (stress phase II), broilers were injected with LPS (500 ㎍/kg body weight) or an equivalent amount of saline. Results: The results demonstrated that dietary AAF significantly improved the body weight (d 21) and alleviated the decrease of average daily gain in broilers challenged with LPS on d 21 and d 35 (p<0.05). Dietary AAF increased bursa fabricius index, and dramatically attenuated the elevation of spleen index caused by LPS on d 35 (p<0.05). Furthermore, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration decreased with AAF supplementation on d 21 (p<0.05). Diet treatment and LPS challenge exhibited a significant interaction for the concentration of IL-1β (d 21) and IL-6 (d 35) in serum (p<0.05). Additionally, AAF supplementation mitigated the increase of IL-1β, IL-6 in liver and spleen induced by LPS on d 21 and 35 (p<0.05). This study also showed that AAF supplementation significantly reduced the expression of IL-1β (d 21) and nuclear transcription factor kappa-B p65 (d 21 and 35) in liver (p<0.05), and dietary AAF and LPS treatment exhibited significant interaction for the gene expression of IL-6 (d 21), toll like receptor 4 (d 35) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (d 35) in spleen (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, AAF could be used as a potential natural immunomodulator to improve growth performance and alleviate immune stress in broilers challenged with LPS.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.17-32
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• 2021

Objectives The present study was designed to find out the therapeutic effects and possible underlying mechanism of Buja-tang, a herbal complex formula on experimental monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis. Methods Osteoarthritis models were created via intra-joint injection of MIA (50 μL with 80 mg/mL) in rats. Rats were divided into five groups and each group consisted of seven. Normal group was not injected MIA and did a normal diet. Control group injected MIA and received distilled water. Indo injected MIA and oral administration of 5 mg/kg of indomethacin. BJTL injected MIA and oral administration of 100 mg/kg of Buja-tang. BJTH injected MIA and oral administration of 200 mg/kg of Buja-tang. We analyzed weight-bearing ability of hind paws, oxidative stress related factor, antioxidant protein, inflammatory protein, inflammatory messenger and cytokine in joint tissue. Pathological observation of knee cartilage tissue structures was also performed with hematoxylin & eosin and safranin-O chromosomes. Results Weight-bearing ability of hind paws showed a tendency to reduce pain. The incidence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and p22phox in articular tissue was significantly reduced, and the incidence of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutases was significantly increased. The incidence of phosphorylated inhibitor of κBα, nuclear factor-kappa B p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β decreased significantly. In pathological observation, cartilage tissue damaged by MIAs in biopsy has significantly recovered from Buja-tang administration. Conclusions Buja-tang has anti-inflammation, antioxidation and pain relief effects. So this is thought to inhibit the progress of osteoarthritis in rat caused by the MIA.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.746-755
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• 2020

Objective: To identify predictors of pulmonary fibrosis development by combining follow-up thin-section CT findings and clinical features in patients discharged after treatment for COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved 32 confirmed COVID-19 patients who were divided into two groups according to the evidence of fibrosis on their latest follow-up CT imaging. Clinical data and CT imaging features of all the patients in different stages were collected and analyzed for comparison. Results: The latest follow-up CT imaging showed fibrosis in 14 patients (male, 12; female, 2) and no fibrosis in 18 patients (male, 10; female, 8). Compared with the non-fibrosis group, the fibrosis group was older (median age: 54.0 years vs. 37.0 years, p = 0.008), and the median levels of C-reactive protein (53.4 mg/L vs. 10.0 mg/L, p = 0.002) and interleukin-6 (79.7 pg/L vs. 11.2 pg/L, p = 0.04) were also higher. The fibrosis group had a longer-term of hospitalization (19.5 days vs. 10.0 days, p = 0.001), pulsed steroid therapy (11.0 days vs. 5.0 days, p < 0.001), and antiviral therapy (12.0 days vs. 6.5 days, p = 0.012). More patients on the worst-state CT scan had an irregular interface (59.4% vs. 34.4%, p = 0.045) and a parenchymal band (71.9% vs. 28.1%, p < 0.001). On initial CT imaging, the irregular interface (57.1%) and parenchymal band (50.0%) were more common in the fibrosis group. On the worst-state CT imaging, interstitial thickening (78.6%), air bronchogram (57.1%), irregular interface (85.7%), coarse reticular pattern (28.6%), parenchymal band (92.9%), and pleural effusion (42.9%) were more common in the fibrosis group. Conclusion: Fibrosis was more likely to develop in patients with severe clinical conditions, especially in patients with high inflammatory indicators. Interstitial thickening, irregular interface, coarse reticular pattern, and parenchymal band manifested in the process of the disease may be predictors of pulmonary fibrosis. Irregular interface and parenchymal band could predict the formation of pulmonary fibrosis early.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Atherosclerosis is associated with increased inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Vitamin D has been reported to modulate the inflammatory responses of stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and adipocytes in adipose tissue, but the role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis biology is unclear. This study examined the effects of in vitro 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25[OH]₂D₃) treatment on the inflammatory responses of SVCs and adipocytes from atherosclerotic mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J (B6) mice were divided randomly into 2 groups and fed a 10% kcal fat control diet (control group, CON) or 41% kcal fat, 0.21% cholesterol (high fat + cholesterol, HFC) diet (obese group, OB), and B6.129S7-Ldlr^tm1Her/J (Ldlr^-/-) mice were fed a HFC diet (obese with atherosclerosis group, OBA) for 16 weeks. SVCs and adipocytes isolated from VAT were pre-incubated with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ for 24 h and stimulated with lipopolysaccarides for the next 24 h. Proinflammatory cytokine production by adipocytes and SVCs, the immune cell population in SVCs, and the expression of the genes involved in the inflammatory signaling pathway in SVCs were determined. RESULTS: The numbers of total macrophages and SVCs per mouse were higher in OB and OBA groups than the CON group. The in vitro 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced macrophages/SVCs (%) in the OBA group. Consistent with this change, the production of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by SVCs from the OBA group was decreased by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment. The 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced the toll-like receptor 4 and dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1) mRNA levels in SVCs and MCP-1 production by adipocytes from all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that vitamin D can attribute to the inhibition of the inflammatory response in VAT from atherosclerotic mice by reducing proinflammatory cytokine production.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.257-266
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• 2003

연구배경 : 내독소인 lipopolysaccharide는 조직 내에 다량 존재하는 대식세포를 활성화시키고, 내독소에 의하여 활성화된 대식세포는 많은 양의 TNF(tumor necrosis factor)를 형성한다. TNF는 최염성 물질으로서 interleukin-1과 유사한 cytokine이며, 그람음성균에 의해 유발된 패혈증시에 동반하는 폐손상의 중요한 매개체로 알려져 있다. Thiourea는 폐의 미세혈관의 혈역동학적 변화와 투과성의 변화를 가져와 폐부종을 유발시키는 약물이다. Thiourea는 모세혈관의 내피세포의 장벽을 상실케 하여 모세혈관의 투과성을 증가시키므로 간질 또는 폐포내 부종을 일으킨다. SP 중 SP-A의 기능은 2형 폐세포로 부터 인지질의 흡수를 강화하고, 2형 폐세포로 부터 표면활성물질의 분비를 조절하여 지질교체를 관장하며, tubular myelin 구조를 안정시키는 중요한 역할을 한다. 이와 같이 SP-A는 표면활성 물질의 분비, 합성 및 재순환에 관여하는 중요한 역할을 담당한다. 방 법 : 저자들은 내독소와 thiourea를 백서에 각각 투여한 후 SP-A의 유전자 발현양성을 filter hybridization 방법으로 검색하고 내독소와 thiourea의 투여 양과 시간경과에 따라 SP-A의 유전자 발현의 변동을 비교 관찰하였다. 결 과 : 1) 내독소를 1일 5 mg/kg를 투여하고 6시간 경과 후 SP-A mRNA 양은 대조군에 비하여 67.0%가 증가하였다(p<0.005). 2) 내독소를 1일 5 mg/kg를 투여하고 24시간 경과 후 SP-A mRNA양은 대조군에 비하여 73.4%가 증가하였다(p<0.005). 3) Thiourea를 1일 3.5 mg/kg를 투여하고 6시간 경과 후 SP-A mRNA양은 대조군에 비하여 32.9%가 감소하였다(p<0.05). 4) Thiourea를 1일 3.5 mg/kg를 투여하고 24시간 경과 후 SP-A mRNA양은 대조군에 비하여 28.1%가 감소하였다(p=0.16). 결 론 : 이상의 결과는 폐손상의 서로 다른 원인인 내독소와 thiourea를 유사한 조건하 투여 후 시간경과에 따라 동물실험 내 SP-A 유전자의 발현은 내독소를 투여 후 증가하고 반면에 thiourea투여 시는 감소하였다. 이와 같이 폐손상의 원인에 따른 시간경과에 따라 SP-A mRNA의 발현의 차이를 보임을 지적하였다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.545-558
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• 2003

급성 폐 손상을 초래하는 성인호흡곤란증후군(ARDS)은 높은 치사율 때문에 많은 임상의들의 관심과 연구대상이 되어왔다. 그동안 선행 연구자들의 지속적인 노력에도 불구하고 유아 및 소아그룹의 ARDS에 관한 병태생리학적 규명은 여전히 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구는 어린 토끼(생후 약 8주)를 실험적 내독소성 급성폐손상 모델로 사용하여 유소아 그룹의 급성폐손상 병태생리의 시간적 진행양상을 규명하기 위해 전향적으로 계획되었다. 대상 및 방법: 연구목적에 따라 실험용 토끼를 대조군(n=8)과 실험적 급성폐손상을 위한 내독소 투여군으로 나눈 후, 검체의 채취시간에 따라 내독소 투여군을 다시 3, 6, 12 및 24시간 군으로 아그룹화하였다(시간대별 각 군의 n=8). 토끼의 귀정맥을 통해 대장균 내독소(Escherichia coli serotype O55. B5)를 0.50 mg/kg 투여한 후, 각 군별로 혈액 및 기관지폐포 세척액을 채취하여 백혈구계의 동태, 면역학적 인자들, 단백질 농도를 측정하였고, 폐의 병리조직학적 소견도 함께 관찰하였다. 결과: 내독소 투여군들에서 3시간 및 6시간대에 혈액 내 호중구, 림프구, 단 구, 그리고 호산구 수 감소에 기인한 총 백혈구 수의 유의한 감소가 있는 반면, 12시간 및 24시간 때 호중구 수 증가에 기인한 총 백혈구수의 증가가 있었다(p <0.05). Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) 및 interleukin-1 ${\beta}$ (IL-1 ${\beta}$ )의 혈중농도는 대부분의 시간대에 내독소 투여군들이 대조군보다 유의하게 높았다(p <0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 농도는 3시간 및 6시간 때에는 내독소 투여군들이 대조군보다 높았으나(p<0.05) 12시간 때에는 오히려 낮았다(p <0.05). 기관지폐포 세척액 내 총 백혈구 수와 단백질 농도는 내독소 투여군들이 전 시간대에 걸쳐 대조군보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 내독소 투여군들의 경우 기관지폐포 세척액의 출혈성 경향을 보였다. 내독소 투여군들은 페간질 및 실질조직 내 주로 림프구와 단구로 구성된 염증성 세포들의 심한 침윤, 폐포 내 약간의 호중구 격절, 그리고 간질의 비후와 같은 폐 손상 징후를 보였다. 이러한 현상은 내독소 투여 6시간대에 가장 심하였으나 시간경과에 따라 조금씩 호전되었다. 내독소 투여군들의 면역학적 표식자들(TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, SOD)과 기괸지폐포 세척액 변수들 간에 여러 시간대에 걸쳐 유의한 양 혹은 음의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.05). 결론: 내독소는 어린 토끼에 있어 급격하고 치명적인 급성염증성 폐손상을 일으키며 그 병태생리학적 진행이 6시간대까지는 시간의존성으로 격심해지고 이후부터 완화되는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 내독소 기인성 급성폐손상의 발생과 진행에는 혈액학적, 면역학적, 생화학적 변수들이 복합적으로 관여하였으며, 어린 토끼는 혈액 내 투여된 내독소에 대해 매우 민감하고 신속한 반응을 보임으로써 향후 유아 및 소아그룹 연구를 위한 실험동물모델로서의 이용 가능성을 보여주었다.