• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.972-977
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• 1997

Conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid(CLA) are a series of positional and gemotric isomers of linoleic acid which are found naturally in food, mainly dietary products and breef. We studied the effects of CLA on the growth of tumor cells and the production of interleukin-1(IL-1) and interleukin-2(IL-2). CLA treatment markedly inhibited the growth of Yac-1 cells and sarcoma-180 cells by 99 and 82% to that of control, respectively, after four days of incubation at 37$^{\circ}C$. To elucidate the immunological mechanism of antitumor activity of CLA, spleen cells of Balb/c mouse were exposed to 31, 63, 125, 250 $\mu\textrm{g}$ of CLA per ml for 24 hrs at 37$^{\circ}C$. The culture supernatants of CLA-exposed spleen cells reduced the production of IL-1 and IL-2 in all of the test conditions. These results indicate that the anticarcino-genic effect of CLA was mediated by the other actions rather than the production of the Il-1 or IL-2. We suggest that CLA might have an antiinflammatory effect in part due to its inhibitory action on the production of IL-1.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.61-84
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Kami boatang(KBT) on the immune cells in Balb/c mice. KBT (500mg/kg) was administerd p.o. once a day for 7 days. KBT enhanced the proliferation of thymocytes and splenocytes. KBT enhanced the subpopulation of helper T(Th) cells, but did not affect the subpopulation of Thyl/B220 cells and Th/Tc cells in splenocytes. KBT enhanced the production of ${\gamma}$-interferon and interleukin-2 in thymocytes, but decreased the production of interleukin-4. KBT enhanced the production of ${\gamma}$-interferon, interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 in splenocytes and serum. KBT suppressed the production of nitric oxide, and enhanced the phagocytic activity in peritoneal macrophages. These results suggest that KBT has a potent activity on the immune response via the increase of the production of cytokines and phagocytic activity in vivo.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.645-654
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• 1999

Interleukin-6(IL-6) stimulate osteoclast differentiation. $17{\beta}$-estradiol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$(1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$) and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ inhibit or stimulate osteoclast differentiation by decreasing or increasing the synthesis of interleukin-6(IL-6) from stromal/osteoblastic cells, respectively. Periodontal ligament(PDL) cells reside between the alveolar bone and the cementum and have osteoblastic characteristics. To estimate the effect of $17{\beta}$-estradiol and 1,25$(OH)_2D_3$ on IL-6 production of PDL cells, PDL cells were treated with $17{\beta}$-estradiol or 1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$ in the absence or the presence of IL-$1{\beta}$. The concentration of IL-6 produced form PDL cells was determined by enzym linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). In unstimulated PDL cells, we detected constitutive production of IL-6 at 1st and 2nd day. IL-$1{\beta}$ increased IL-6 synthesis at 1st day and 2nd day. $17{\beta}$-estradiol had no significant effect on the secretion of this cytokine, either constitutively or after stimulation with IL- $1{\beta}$(0.05 ng/ml). 1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$($10^{-8}M$) decreased not only constitutive IL-6 production but also IL-$1{\beta}$-induced IL-6 production at 2nd day. These results suggest that 1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$ may control IL-$1{\beta}$-induced osteoclast differentiation by decreasing IL-$1{\beta}$-induced IL-6 secretion of PDL cells.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.363-367
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• 1999

Palmultang(PMT) consists of Ginseng Radix Alba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Hoelen, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Paeoniae Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma and Angelicae Gigantis Radix. PMT enhanced the lucigenin chemiluminescence and the engulfment of fluorescein-conjugated E. coli particles and inhibited the production of nitric oxide in murine peritoneal macrophage. PMT enhanced the production of ${\gamma}-interferon$, interleukin-2 and the cell viability in murine thymocyte, but did not affect the production of interleukin-4. These results indicate that PMT enhances the phagocytosis of macrophage via the stimulation of ${\gamma}-interferon$ production in $T_H1$ cells and the reduction of nitric oxide production in peritoneal macrophage.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 2000

The purpose of this research was to investigate effects of Samultang water extract (SMT) on cytokine production from immune cells during the late stage of pregnancy in BALB/c mice. SMT(500 mg/kg) was administered p.o. once a day for 7 days, and then thymocytes and peritoneal macrophages were separated. At the late stage of pregnant mice, the proliferation of thymocytes and the production of ${\gamma}-interferon$ in thymocytes were decreased as compared with normal group, but the production of interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 was increased. The production of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, nitric oxide and phagocytic activity in peritoneal macrophage was increased as compared with normal group. At the late stage of pregnant mice administered with SMT, the production of interleukin-2 in thymocytes was decreased as compared with a pregnant group, but the proliferation of thymocytes, the production of ${\gamma}-interferon$ and interleukin-4 was increased. The production of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ and nitric oxide in peritoneal macrophages were decreased as compared with a pregnant group, but phagocytic activity were increased. These results suggest that SMT has the regulative action on immune function of thymocytes and peritoneal macrophages at the late stage of pregnant mice.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.98-108
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• 1994

The etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia remain unknown. It has been postulated that infectious-autoimmune process may play a role in the pathogenesis of symptoms in some schizophrenic patients. Findings of altered interleukin(IL) regulation have been regarded as additional proof that schzophrenia has an infectious-autoimmune background. In the present study, we measured mitogen-stimulated production of and serum level of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-6 using ELISA in 16 neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients and in 16 age, sex matched healthy controls. The results were as follows : 1) There was a significant decrease of IL-2 production in schizophrenic patients than in normal controls(respectively $1.90{\pm}0.13ng/m{\ell}$, $2.79{\pm}0.14ng/m{\ell}$, p<0.001). But there was no significant difference of IL-$1{\beta}$ production and IL-6 production between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. 2) There was a significant increase of serum level of IL-2 in schizophrenic pateitns than in normal controls(respectively $184.8{\pm}12.8pg/m{\ell}$, $104.2{\pm}34.2pg/m{\ell}$, p<0.01). Serum level of IL-$1{\beta}$ was partially detected in both groups and serum level of IL-6 was not detected in both groups. 3) There was no significant differences of IL-$1{\beta}$, -2, -6 production & serum level of IL-2 according to male vs female, paranoid type vs undifferentiated type, drug-naive group vs drug-free group in schizophrenic patients. 4) There was significant correlation between IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 production(r=0.86, p<0.001). No correlation between IL-$1{\beta}$, -2, -6 production, serum level of IL-2 and age, duration of illness, and BPRS score was found. It has been suggested that the low lymphocyte production of IL-2 in the patients with autoimmune disease occurs because the T cells are activated and lymphocyte-derived IL-2 has been released into the serum. The authors suggest that decreased IL-2 production in our schizophrenic patients is due to increased IL-2 serum level in those patients. Thus our finding of low IL-2 production and high serum level of IL-2 in our schizophrenic patients is compatible with the possibility that our patients have an autoimmune process. Further study on relationship between IL alteration and other immunological abnormalities(the presence of serum autoantibody and of anti-brain antibody, $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$ cell index, etc) in schizophrenic patients will be warranted.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.254-259
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• 2004

Jeongshin-tang (JST) is a Korean herbal prescription, which has been successfully applied for the various neuronal diseases. However, it's effect remains unknown in experimental models. To investigate the biological effect of JST in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in vitro model, we analized the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, and expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in IL-1β plus β-amyloid [25-35] fragment (A)-stimulated human astrocytoma cell line U373MG. JST alone had no effect on the cell viability. The production of IL-6 and IL-8 was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with JST (1mg/㎖) on IL-1β plus A-stimulated U373MG cells. Maximal inhibition rate of IL-6 and IL-8 production by JST was about 41.22% (P<0.01) and 34.45% (P<0.05), respectively. The expression level of COX-2 protein was up-regulated by IL-1β plus A but the increased level of COX-2 was inhibited by pretreatment with JST (1 mg/㎖). These data indicate that JST has a regulatory effect on cytokine production and COX-2 expression, which might explain it's beneficial effect in the treatment of AD.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.531-534
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• 2000

Nitric oxide (NO), products of activated macrophages, have a great impact on the regulation of cytokine production. The role of NO in non-specific host cells is commonly accepted. On the contrary, its role as an immuno-regulatory molecule is still controversial. In this study, we have investigated the effect of NO on the production of cytokines from murine splenocytes and macrophages. S-nitroso-L-glutathione inhibited the release of both interferone-$\gamma$ and interleukin-2 produced by Th1 cells and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ and interleukin-1$\beta$ produced by macrophages, but did not affect the release of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 produced by Th2 cells. These results suggest that NO exerts a down-regulatory effect on the secretion of cytokines from Th1 cells and macrophages which are implicated in immune response. Thus, NO may have an important role as an immune-modulatory as well as effector molecule in the immune system.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.5 no.1 s.8
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• pp.135-151
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• 2002

Objective: This study was eanied out to investigate the effects of Raphani Semen on immuno-response in the mouse model of allergic asthma. Methods: In this study, BALB/C mice were divided into 6 groups: Normal (Non-treated group), Control (Group with not treated after allergic sensitization and induction by ovalbumin), Treat I (Group with the oral administration of saline after allergic sensitization and induction by ovalbumin), Treat n (Allergic asthma group treated with acupuncture (BL 13)), Treat III (Allergic asthma group treated with the oral administration of Raphani Semen) and Treat lV (Allergic asthma group treated with the herbal-acupuncture of Raphani Semen (BL 13)). The effect on cytokine was assessed by measuring cytokine (lL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-r) in bronchoalveoar lavage fluid(ELISA). ResuJts : The results obtained as follows: 1. The production of Interleukin-2 was decreased significantly in Treat I group, Treat n group and Treat IV group as compared with Control group. 2. The production of Interleukin-4 was decreased significantly in Treat I group, Treat II group and Treat IV group as compared with Control group. Among them. the production of Interleukin-4 was decreased remarkably in Treat IV group as compared with other groups. 3. The production of Interleukin-5 was decreased significantly in Treat I group and Treat IV group as compared with Control group. 4. The production of Interleukin-10 was decreased significantly in Treat I group and Treat III group as compared with Control group. 5. The production of Interleukin-12 was all decreased significantly in Treat I group, Treat n group, Treat m group and Treat IV group as compared with Control group. 6. The production of Intelferon- showed no significant changes in Treat I group, Treat n group. Treat m group and Treat Ⅳ group as compared with Control group. Conclusion: These results show that the production of Interleukin-4, 5 was decreased significantly in aJlergic asthma group treated with the herbal-acupuncture of Raph Semen (BL 13), It is known that inactivity of Th2 cell constrained the revelation and controlled hypersenstive action. As to this mechanism, it is suggested that the herbal-acupuncture of Raphani Semen(BL 13) constrained the revelation of allergic asthma.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2009

Purpose: Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an important mediator of immune and inflammatory reactions and is produced by a variety of different cell types. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens, the major causes of inflammatory periodontal disease, on the production of IL-8 and the expression of IL-8 mRNA in differentiated THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line. Methods: LPSs from P. intermedia ATCC 25611 and P. nigrescens ATCC 33563 were prepared by the standard hot phenol-water method. THP-1 cells were incubated in the medium supplemented with phorbol myristate acetate to induce differentiation into macrophage-like cells. Results: We found that LPS preparations from P. intermedia and P. nigrescens can induce IL-8 mRNA expression and stimulate the release of IL-8 in differentiated THP-1 cells without additional stimuli. Conclusions: There are no previous reports of the ability of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens LPS to stimulate the release of IL-8, and the present study clearly shows, for the first time, that LPSs from P. intermedia and P. nigrescens fully induced IL-8 mRNA expression and IL-8 production in differentiated human monocytic cell line THP-1. The ability of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens LPS to promote the production of IL-8 may be important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease.