• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.402-417
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• 2023

Objective: Liver fibrosis is a highly conserved wound-healing response and the final common pathway of chronic inflammatory injury. This study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-fibrotic effect of the combination of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma water extract (RW) and silymarin in a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis model. Methods: The liver fibrosis mouse model was established through the intraperitoneal injection of TAA (1 week 100 mg/kg, 2-3 weeks 200 mg/kg, 4-8 weeks 400 mg/kg) three times per week for eight weeks. Animal experiments were conducted in five groups; Normal, Control (TAA-induced liver fibrosis mice), Sily (silymarin 50 mg/kg), RSL (RW 50 mg/kg+silymarin 50 mg/kg), and RSH (RW 100 mg/kg+silymarin 50 mg/kg). Biochemical analyses were measured in serum, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and ammonia levels. Liver inflammatory cytokines and fibrous biomarkers were measured by Western blot analysis, and liver histopathology was evaluated through tissue staining. Results: A significant decrease in the liver function markers AST and ALT and a reduction in ammonia and total bilirubin were observed in the group treated with RSL and RSH. Measurement of reactive oxygen species and MDA revealed a significant decrease in the RSL and RSH administration group compared to the TAA induction group. The expression of extracellular matrix-related proteins, such as transforming growth factor β1, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen type I alpha 1, was likewise significantly decreased. All drug-administered groups had increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 but a decreasing tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1. RSL and RSH exerted a significant upregulation of NADPH oxidase 2, p22^phox, and p47^phox, which are oxidative stress-related factors. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory proteins such as cyclooxygenase 2 and interleukin-1β were markedly suppressed through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B activation. Conclusions: The administration of RW and silymarin suppressed the NADPH oxidase factor protein level and showed a tendency to reduce inflammation-related enzymes. These results suggest that the combined administration of RW and silymarin improves acute liver injury induced by TAA.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.25-40
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• 2024

Objectives: In the present study, we investigated the effects of clean-diabetes mellitus 3 (C-DM3), a herbal formula with Trichosanthis Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Crataegi Fructus, and Cinnamomi Cortex, on the pathological and serological symptoms of diabetes and its related molecular mechanisms in diet-induced obese mice. Methods: We prepared an obese mouse model using a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and then administered the C-DM3 extract for 4 weeks. The changes of pathological and serological biomarkers for diabetes assessment were measured in the mice and histological changes were observed in the liver and pancreas tissues. We also identified the main compounds in the C-DM3 extract using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed the molecular mechanism of the disease condition by network pharmacological analysis. Results: In the in vivo, the administration of C-DM extract to obese mice significantly reduced body weight gain, fatty liver symptoms, and muscle loss, and decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose, insulin, aspertate aminotransferase, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In addition, C-DM extract significantly increased the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1, protein kinase b (AKT), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and glucose transporter 4 in all pancreatic and liver tissues, with inhibition of histopathological changes in obese mice. HPLC analysis identified hyperoside, berberine, epiberberine, columbamin, coptisine, coumarin, jatrorrhizine, and citric acid as the main compounds. In the network pharmacological analysis, the molecular targets of C-DM3 extract on obesity and diabetes were shown as the insulin, AKT, PI3K, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways with the regulation of inflammatory molecules interleukin 6 (IL-6), jun proto-oncogene, and IL-1β, which matched our in vivo targets. Conclusions: Based on these results, C-DM3 extract is expected to be effective in improving obesity and preventing diabetic progression.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.633-646
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Cladophora glomerata extract (CGE), rich in polyphenols, was reported to exhibit antidiabetic and renoprotective effects by modulating the functions of protein kinases-mediated organic anion transporter 1 (Oat1) and 3 (Oat3) in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nevertheless, the antioxidant effects of CGE on such renoprotection have not been investigated. This study examined the mechanisms involved in the antioxidant effects of CGE on renal organic anion transport function in an in vivo study. MATERIALS/METHODS: Diabetes was induced in the rats through a high-fat diet combined with a single dose of 40 mg/kg body weight (BW) streptozotocin. Subsequently, normal-diet rats were supplemented with a vehicle or 1,000 mg/kg BW of CGE, while T2DM rats were supplemented with a vehicle, CGE, or 200 mg/kg BW of vitamin C for 12 weeks. The study evaluated the general characteristics of T2DM and renal oxidative stress markers. The renal organic transport function was assessed by measuring the para-aminohippurate (PAH) uptake using renal cortical slices and renal inflammatory cytokine expression in the normal diet (ND) and ND + CGE treated groups. RESULTS: CGE supplementation significantly reduced hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and renal lipid peroxidation in T2DM rats. This was accompanied by the normalization of high expressions of renal glutathione peroxidase and nuclear factor kappa B by CGE and vitamin C. The renal anti-inflammation of CGE was evidenced by the reduction of tumor necrosis factor-1α and interleukin-1β. CGE directly blunted sodium nitroprusside-induced renal oxidative/nitrosative stresses and mediated the PAH uptake in the normally treated CGE in rats was particularly noteworthy. These data also correlated with reduced nitric oxide production, highlighting the potential of CGE as a therapeutic agent for managing T2DM-related renal complications. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that CGE has antidiabetic effects and directly prevents diabetic nephropathy through oxidative/nitrosative stress pathways.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.545-558
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• 2003

급성 폐 손상을 초래하는 성인호흡곤란증후군(ARDS)은 높은 치사율 때문에 많은 임상의들의 관심과 연구대상이 되어왔다. 그동안 선행 연구자들의 지속적인 노력에도 불구하고 유아 및 소아그룹의 ARDS에 관한 병태생리학적 규명은 여전히 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구는 어린 토끼(생후 약 8주)를 실험적 내독소성 급성폐손상 모델로 사용하여 유소아 그룹의 급성폐손상 병태생리의 시간적 진행양상을 규명하기 위해 전향적으로 계획되었다. 대상 및 방법: 연구목적에 따라 실험용 토끼를 대조군(n=8)과 실험적 급성폐손상을 위한 내독소 투여군으로 나눈 후, 검체의 채취시간에 따라 내독소 투여군을 다시 3, 6, 12 및 24시간 군으로 아그룹화하였다(시간대별 각 군의 n=8). 토끼의 귀정맥을 통해 대장균 내독소(Escherichia coli serotype O55. B5)를 0.50 mg/kg 투여한 후, 각 군별로 혈액 및 기관지폐포 세척액을 채취하여 백혈구계의 동태, 면역학적 인자들, 단백질 농도를 측정하였고, 폐의 병리조직학적 소견도 함께 관찰하였다. 결과: 내독소 투여군들에서 3시간 및 6시간대에 혈액 내 호중구, 림프구, 단 구, 그리고 호산구 수 감소에 기인한 총 백혈구 수의 유의한 감소가 있는 반면, 12시간 및 24시간 때 호중구 수 증가에 기인한 총 백혈구수의 증가가 있었다(p <0.05). Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) 및 interleukin-1 ${\beta}$ (IL-1 ${\beta}$ )의 혈중농도는 대부분의 시간대에 내독소 투여군들이 대조군보다 유의하게 높았다(p <0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 농도는 3시간 및 6시간 때에는 내독소 투여군들이 대조군보다 높았으나(p<0.05) 12시간 때에는 오히려 낮았다(p <0.05). 기관지폐포 세척액 내 총 백혈구 수와 단백질 농도는 내독소 투여군들이 전 시간대에 걸쳐 대조군보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 내독소 투여군들의 경우 기관지폐포 세척액의 출혈성 경향을 보였다. 내독소 투여군들은 페간질 및 실질조직 내 주로 림프구와 단구로 구성된 염증성 세포들의 심한 침윤, 폐포 내 약간의 호중구 격절, 그리고 간질의 비후와 같은 폐 손상 징후를 보였다. 이러한 현상은 내독소 투여 6시간대에 가장 심하였으나 시간경과에 따라 조금씩 호전되었다. 내독소 투여군들의 면역학적 표식자들(TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, SOD)과 기괸지폐포 세척액 변수들 간에 여러 시간대에 걸쳐 유의한 양 혹은 음의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.05). 결론: 내독소는 어린 토끼에 있어 급격하고 치명적인 급성염증성 폐손상을 일으키며 그 병태생리학적 진행이 6시간대까지는 시간의존성으로 격심해지고 이후부터 완화되는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 내독소 기인성 급성폐손상의 발생과 진행에는 혈액학적, 면역학적, 생화학적 변수들이 복합적으로 관여하였으며, 어린 토끼는 혈액 내 투여된 내독소에 대해 매우 민감하고 신속한 반응을 보임으로써 향후 유아 및 소아그룹 연구를 위한 실험동물모델로서의 이용 가능성을 보여주었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 자작나무 증포 추출물의 탈모 조절 활성 분석을 위해 in vitro (인간모유두세포) 및 in vivo (C57BL/6N 마우스) 모델을 이용하여 모발의 성장 효과를 평가하였다. 찌고 말리는 과정을 반복하는 증포 차수 별 함유 성분의 변화가 관찰되어 새로운 추출법의 가능성을 확인하였다, 즉, 1회-5회 증포 후 관찰된 성분의 변화는 3회 증포 추출물(BPE3)에서 안정적인 추출 수율, 높은 페놀화합물 함량 및 항산화 활성을 가지는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 발모 주기의 전 과정에 관여하는 모유두세포에 BPE3를 처리하였을 때 유의한 수준의 FGF7과 Wnt7b 발현을 증가시켜 모발 성장 촉진과 모발의 성장기 개시를 도울 것으로 판단되었다. In vivo 마우스 모델에 12일 간 BPE를 도포하여 관찰한 결과 6일 경과 시 양성대조군(MXD 및 PTN)과 유사한 수준으로 단모의 성장이 관찰되었으며, 9일 경과 시 높은 밀도의 발모가 진행되기 시작하여 12일 경과 시 미처리 대조군에 비해 BPE3군에서 고른 발모가 관찰되었다. H&E 염색을 통한 각 군별 피부조직의 변화는 BPE3군에서 뚜렷이 나타났으며, 특징적으로 단위면적 당 많은 모낭(hair follicle)의 형성과 모간부(hair shaft)의 신장이 관찰되어 안정적으로 모발의 성장기로 진입한 것으로 판단되었다. 피부조직의 유전자발현 추가 분석 시 FGF7, VEGF, 및 Wnt7b 유전자가 유의하게 증가하여 모발성장, 분화, 모낭줄기세포 활성을 유도하여 모발성장을 촉진시킨 것으로 생각된다. 또한, BPE3가 LPS로 유도된 RAW264.7 세포의 염증인자(iNOS, IL-6 및 COX2) 발현을 저해하여 자가면역 등 염증성 탈모억제에 긍정적 역할을 할 것으로 판단된다. GC-MS 분석을 통해 확인한 betulin과 불포화지방산 등 저분자 물질은 BPE3가 나타낸 약리활성을 방증하였다. 결론적으로, 자작나무 3회 증포 추출물인 BPE3는 모유두세포의 발모 주기를 촉진할 뿐 아니라 두피의 염증 환경에서 휴지기를 단축시켜 정상적 발모를 돕는 소재로서 높은 잠재력을 나타냈다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 생 들깨와 볶은 들깨의 염증매개물질 감소 효과를 RAW 264.7 대식 세포와 궤양성 대장염이 유도된 마우스를 이용하여 비교 분석하고자 하였다. LPS 처리에 의해 활성화된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 들깨의 에탄올 추출물은 볶음 여부와는 관계없이 NO, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$와 같은 염증매개물질 수준을 유의적으로 감소시키는 효과(대조군 대비 45-85% 수준)가 있었다. 반면 DSS 처리에 의해 궤양성 대장염이 유도된 마우스 모델에서는, 볶은 들깨 식이(1%)만이 대장의 $PGE_2$, $LTB_4$와 같은 염증매개물질 수준을 유의적으로 감소시키는 효과(각각 대조군 대비 34%, 58% 수준)가 있었다. 이와 같은 연구 결과를 종합하여 보면, 볶은 들깨는 in vitro 항염성 뿐 아니라 in vivo 항염성을 가지는 것으로 판단된다. 앞으로 들깨의 볶음 과정에서 생성된 항염 기능 성분들을 분리 동정하는 연구와 볶은 들깨의 항염성과 관련된 기전에 관한 후속 연구가 지속적으로 이루어진다면 볶은 들깨가 대장염을 포함한 여러 염증관련 질병 예방에 유용한 소재로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.68-72
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• 2014

본 연구는 동충하초(Cordyces militaris) 유래의 기능성 물질인 코디세핀의 면역활성을 검증하기 위하여 C57BL6 마우스 복강 대식세포를 이용하여 코디세핀이 대식세포의 활성화에 미치는 영향에 대하여 시험하였다. 그 결과 LPS에 의해 유도된 마우스 복강세포는 코디세핀의 작용에 의해 IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$의 염증성 사이토카인의 생성이 증대되어 초기 염증매개 반응을 유도하여 선천면역반응의 활성화와 그리고 면역작용에 있어 후기 적응면역의 전환으로의 T 림프구의 활성화가 예상된다. 또한 IL-6의 생성증대로 활성화된 T 림프구에 의해 B 림프구의 항체생성반응을 매개하는 면역반응도 상승할 것으로 사료된다. 그리고 대식세포에 의한 염증반응에서 염증매개인자인 NO와 $H_2O_2$의 생성을 증대시킴에 따라 대식세포의 독성작용을 활성화시켜 염증반응을 효과적으로 유도할 것으로 보이며, 또한 $H_2O_2$의 후기 생성을 저해하였는데 이는 염증반응에 유도될 수 있는 세포의 손상으로부터 세포를 보호할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 코디세핀은 외부인자로부터 염증매개성 면역반응의 증강작용을 나타내는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.701-709
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• 2011

This study was performed to establish an effective extraction method of pig placenta extract that could be used for a putative functional food supplement with immunomodulatory effects. In the present study, we used different temperatures (4, 37, 60, 80, and $100^{\circ}C$) and different solvents (chloroform, NaOH, and phosphate buffered saline [PBS]) to extract the pig placenta. Among the different placenta extracts yielded by the different extraction methods, placenta extract (PE) in PBS at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 min (referred to as PE-PBS80) showed a significant increase of nitric oxide production of up to 22.97 ${\mu}M/10^5$ cells at a 1 mg/mL dose (p<0.05 ) in J774A.1 cells than other extracts and control tested. Using PE-PBS80, further animal challenges were performed to identify the immune-enhanced effects. As a result, orally administered PE-PBS80 showed a significant increase in blood T and B cell activities and immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) production. IgG and IgM levels increased to 41.53 mg/mL at a 20 mg dose on day 7 and to 27.38 mg/mL at a 10 mg dose on day 14, respectively (p<0.05). Furthermore, PE-PBS80 was also able to significantly enhance the immune modulator cytokine levels (p<0.05) compared to the control and vehicle treatments. Among the evaluated cytokines, the tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) level increased to 28.89 pg/mL at extract doses of 20 and 50 mg, the interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) level increased to 21.52 pg/mL at extract doses of 10, 20, 50 and 75 mg and the interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$ level increased to 18.24 pg/mL at extract doses of 10, 20, and 50 mg. Therefore, this study presents an effective method for extracting pig placenta extracts and also demonstrates that pig placenta extracts had significant immunomodulatory effects not only at the cellular level but also in a mouse model, suggesting that this material could be used as an excellent candidate functional food supplement.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.185-195
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• 2012

Purpose: (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects in periodontitis. However, its exact mechanism of action has yet to be determined. The present in vitro study evaluated the anti-in-flammatory effects of EGCG on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) and human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) affected by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Methods: hPDLFs and hPDLSCs were extracted from healthy young adults and were treated with EGCG and/or P. gingivalis LPS. After 1, 3, 5, and 7 days from treatment, cytotoxic and proliferative effects were evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and bromodeoxyuridine assay, respectively. And then, the gene expressions of hPDLFs and hPDLSCs were observed for interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and RANKL/OPG using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours after treatment. The experiments were performed with the following groups for hPDLFs and hPDLSCs; 1) No treat, 2) EGCG alone, 3) P. gingivalis LPS alone, 4) EGCG+P. gingivalis LPS. Results: The 20 ${\mu}M$ of EGCG and 20 ${\mu}g/mL$ of P. gingivalis LPS had the lowest cytotoxic effects, so those concentrations were used for further experiments. The proliferations of hPDLFs and hPDLSCs increased in all groups, though the 'EGCG alone' showed less increase. In real-time PCR, the hPDLFs and hPDLSCs of 'EGCG alone' showed similar gene expressions to those cells of 'no treat'. The gene expressions of 'P. gingivalis LPS alone' in both hPDLFs and hPDLSCs were highly increased at 6 hours for IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, RANKL, and RANKL/OPG, except the RANKL/OPG in hPDLSCs. However, those increased gene expressions were down-regulated in 'EGCG+P. gingivalis LPS' by the additional treatment of EGCG. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that EGCG could exert an anti-inflammatory effect in hPDLFs and hPDLSCs against a major pathogen of periodontitis, P. gingivalis LPS.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1169-1180
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• 2021

Objective: This research aimed to study the effects of Artemisia argyi flavonoids (AAF) supplemented in diets on the growth performance and immune function of broiler chickens challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: A total of one hundred and ninety-two 1-d-old broiler chicks were assigned into 4 treatment groups, which were, respectively, fed a basal diet (control), fed a diet with 750 mg/kg AAF, fed a basal diet, and challenged with LPS, fed a diet with 750 mg/kg AAF, and challenged with LPS. Each treatment had six pens with 8 chicks per pen. On days 14, 16, 18, 20 (stress phase I) and 28, 30, 32, 34 (stress phase II), broilers were injected with LPS (500 ㎍/kg body weight) or an equivalent amount of saline. Results: The results demonstrated that dietary AAF significantly improved the body weight (d 21) and alleviated the decrease of average daily gain in broilers challenged with LPS on d 21 and d 35 (p<0.05). Dietary AAF increased bursa fabricius index, and dramatically attenuated the elevation of spleen index caused by LPS on d 35 (p<0.05). Furthermore, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration decreased with AAF supplementation on d 21 (p<0.05). Diet treatment and LPS challenge exhibited a significant interaction for the concentration of IL-1β (d 21) and IL-6 (d 35) in serum (p<0.05). Additionally, AAF supplementation mitigated the increase of IL-1β, IL-6 in liver and spleen induced by LPS on d 21 and 35 (p<0.05). This study also showed that AAF supplementation significantly reduced the expression of IL-1β (d 21) and nuclear transcription factor kappa-B p65 (d 21 and 35) in liver (p<0.05), and dietary AAF and LPS treatment exhibited significant interaction for the gene expression of IL-6 (d 21), toll like receptor 4 (d 35) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (d 35) in spleen (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, AAF could be used as a potential natural immunomodulator to improve growth performance and alleviate immune stress in broilers challenged with LPS.