• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.511-516
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• 2015

발아 전후 보리 당단백질 추출물에 대한 영양성분 변화와 RAW 264.7 세포에 처리 후 생성하는 산화질소 II와 사이토카인(인터류킨-6, 종양괴사인자-${\alpha}$) 양을 측정하여 면역 증진 효능을 예측하였다. 보리의 발아가 진행됨에 따라 당단백질 추출물의 단백질과 지방질 함량은 감소하고 총당 함량은 증가하는 추세를 확인하였다. 주요 중성당은 아라비노스, 포도당, 자일로스이며 발아함에 따라 6탄당인 포도당은 감소한 반면, 5탄당인 아라비노스와 자일로스는 증가하였다. 아미노산 함량은 GEB에 비해 24-GEGB와 48-GEGB에서 각각 1.03, 1.24배 증가하였다. 면역 활성을 측정하기 위하여 RAW 264.7 세포에 24-GEGB와 48-GEGB를 처리한 결과 GEB에 비해 더 높은 산화질소 II와 사이토카인(인터류킨-6, 종양괴사인자-${\alpha}$)을 생성하였다. 결론적으로, 보리 종자가 발아하면 종자 내 단백질, 지방질 및 당질 등의 영양성분 조성이 변하고, 그 결과 발아보리 당단백질 추출물은 외부 침입에 대해 1차적으로 방어하는 대식세포를 자극하여 세포에 독성을 미치지 않는 범위의 면역매개물질 생성하여 면역 증진 효과를 기대할 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.634-639
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• 2020

불가사리는 다양한 생리활성물질을 가진 유용한 해양생물자원으로 알려져 있으나 불가사리가 가진 특유한 냄새로 인해 기능성 소재로 활용하는데 많은 제약이 있다. 우리는 최근에 로스팅을 통해 이러한 문제점을 해결하고 효율적인 화장품 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 제시하였으나 열처리된 불가사리 추출물의 생리활성에 관한 연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 LPS에 의해 염증을 유도한 Raw 264.7 세포에서 열처리 불가사리 추출물의 염증 조절 기전을 조사하여 항염증 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다. 열처리 불가사리 추출물은 LPS에 의해 증가된 NO의 분비량과 iNOS의 발현을 현저히 감소시켰고 IL-1β와 IL-6와 같은 pro-inflammatory cytokine의 발현에서도 유의미한 감소를 나타내었다. 또한 열처리 불가사리 추출물에 의한 NF-κB p65 단백질의 핵으로의 전이 억제와 NF-κB 저해제인 PDTC와의 동시 처리에 의한 NO 분비량 감소는 열처리 불가사리 추출물의 NO 생성 저해 효과가 NF-κB 신호전달을 통해 이루어짐을 보여주었다. 본 연구 결과는 열처리 불가사리 추출물이 NF-κB 신호전달 경로를 통해 염증매개인자들의 발현을 억제하여 염증반응을 효과적으로 제어할 수 있는 잠재력을 가진 기능성 소재로서의 가능성을 제시하고 있다.

• 폴리머
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.586-592
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• 2012

산화철($Fe_3O_4$은 세포에 의해 섭취된 후 대사반응에 의해 분비되므로 세포독성을 나타내지 않는다. 따라서 산화철 나노입자는 MRI 촬영을 하기에 앞서 조영제로서 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 통상의 공침법으로 산화철 나노입자를 합성하고 폴리에틸렌글리콜을 스페이서로 하여 혈관내피세포 및 방광암 세포막의 IL-4 리셉터에 특이적으로 반응하는 homing 펩타이드(AP)를 고정화하였다. AP를 고정화한 산화철 나노입자의 크기는 수용액 상에서 약 39 nm이었다. 섬유아세포 및 방광암세포를 이용하여 AP고정화 산화철 나노입자의 uptake를 조사한 결과 섬유아세포에는 선택적 uptake를 발견할 수 없었으나 방광암세포에는 선택적으로 uptake됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 AP 고정화 산화철 나노입자는 조기 암진단용 조영제로서 가능성을 지니고 있다고 할 수 있다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.297-305
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• 2014

홍삼(Red Ginseng; RG)은 인삼보다 더 높은 생체 흡수율과 다양한 약리효과를 갖는 특이한 진세노사이드(Rg2, Rg3)를 함유하고 있다. 따라서 오랫동안 많은 사람들의 건강을 위해 이용되어 왔다. 또한 발효는 유효한 생리활성을 갖는 저분자의 물질들을 생성하기 때문에 많은 연구자들이 생물학적 활성에 대해 오랫동안 연구해오고 있다. 본 연구에서는 홍삼을 붉은덕다리버섯 균사체로 7일 동안 발효하였다. HPLC 분석 결과 진세노사이드 Rg1, Re 및 Rb2가 각각 0.24, 0.25, 0.16 mg/g에서 0.12, 0.1, 0.03 mg/g으로 함량 감소를 확인하였고, 홍삼 붉은덕다리 균사체배양액(Fermented Red Ginseng; FRG)의 항염, 세포 이동, 항산화, 콜라겐 타입 I 합성과 MMP-1 억제효능에 대한 생물학적 효능을 확인하였다. 그 결과, FRG는 RG보다 항염 및 cell migration 촉진효과가 더 우수하였다. FRG는 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 대식세포의 NO 생성을 억제하였으며, iNOS와 IL-6의 발현을 mRNA 수준에서 억제하였다. 이 결과로 FRG는 새로운 항염소재로서 제안이 가능하다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.570-579
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• 2020

Background: Many researchers reported that the various immune activities of red ginseng are due to acid polysaccharides. But, the exact structural characteristics of the acidic polysaccharide in red ginseng have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we isolated the acidic polysaccharide from red ginseng and characterized the structural property of the active moiety of this polysaccharide, which contributes to the immunostimulatory activity of red ginseng. Methods: A polysaccharide (RGP-AP-I) was purified from red ginseng via size-exclusion chromatography using Sephadex G-100. Immunostimulatary activity of RGP-AP-I was investigated via anti-complementory and macrophage stimulatory activity. The structure of RGP-AP-I was characterized by HPLC, sugar composition, β-glucosyl Yariv reagent and methylation analysis. Results: Peritoneal macrophages stimulated using RGP-AP-I significantly augmented the production of various cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The primary structure of RGP-AP-I was elucidated by assessing its sugar composition and methylation analysis. RGP-AP-I is a 96 kDa acidic polysaccharide, and comprises nine different monosaccharides, which mainly include sugars such as rhamnose (Rha, 9.5%), galacturonic acid (GalA, 18.4%), galactose (Gal, 30.4%), and arabinose (Ara, 35.0%). RGP-AP-I exhibited an considerable reaction with the β-glucosyl Yariv reagent, revealing the presence of arabino-β-3,6-galactan. Methylation analysis indicated that RGP-AP-I comprises 21 different glycosyl linkages, such as 3-, 4-, 6- and 3,6-linked Galp; 5-linked Araf; 2,4-linked Rhap; and 4-linked GalAp, which are characteristics of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). Conclusion: we assumed that the immunostimulatory activity of RGP-AP-I may be due to the RG-I structure, which comprises a main chain with a repeating linkage unit, [→2)-Rhap-(1→4)-GalAp-(1→] and three groups of side chains such as (1→5)-linked arabinan, (1→4)-linked galactan, and arabino-β-3,6-galactan, which branch at the C(O)4 positions of Rha residues in the main chain of RGP-AP-I.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.101-111
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• 2010

Purpose: To provide the information of efficacy for herbal formulas of high frequency, it was evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect. In many studies, plantderived anti-inflammatory efficacies have been investigated for their potential inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. This study was performed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of herbal formulas of high frequency on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in 25 herbal formula extracts in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro model, using LPS-stimulated macrophages, RAW 264.7 cell line. The productions of nitric oxide(NO), prostaglandin(PG)$E_2$, interleukin(IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-$\alpha$ were examined in RAW 264.7 cells, in the presence of the herbal formulas. RAW 264.7 cells were incubated with LPS $1\;{\mu}g/mL$ and herbal formulas for 18 hours. As an in vivo, using a rat model of carrageenin-induced paw edema. The paw volume was measured at 2 and 4 hours following carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. Results: 8 kinds of herbal formula inhibited NO production by LPS-stimulated in some concentration, but the effect of NO inhibition is weak. 12 kinds of herbal formula inhibited $PGE_2$ production by LPS-stimulated over the 30%. Among them Gumiganghwal-tang, Sagunja-tang, Samchulkunbi-tang, Insampaedok-san and Hwangryunhaedok-tang inhibited IL-6 production by LPS-stimulated but TNF-$\alpha$ was not inhibited. 12 kinds of herbal formula reduced the carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. Particularly, 3 kinds of herbal formula(Gumiganghwal-tang, Ssanghwa-tang and Soshiho-tang) were better than indomethacin. Conclusion: These results suggest that Gumiganghwal-tang, Sangunja-tang, Samchulkunbi-tang, Insampaedok-san and Hwangryunhaedok-tang have antiinflammatory activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2012

Previously, we reported that Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and gastric cancer are closely associated with increased levels of hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) and that Korean red ginseng significantly reduced the severity of H. pylori-associated gastric diseases by attenuating $H_2S$ generation. Because the incubation of endothelial cells with $H_2S$ has been known to enhance their angiogenic activities, we hypothesized that the amelioration of $H_2S$-induced gastric inflammation or angiogenesis in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) might explain the preventive effect of Korean red ginseng on H. pylori-associated carcinogenesis. The expression of inflammatory mediators, angiogenic growth factors, and angiogenic activities in the absence or presence of Korean red ginseng extracts (KRGE) were evaluated in HUVECs stimulated with the $H_2S$ generator sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS). KRGE efficiently decreased the expression of cystathionine ${\beta}$-synthase and cystathionine ${\gamma}$-lyase, enzymes that are essential for $H_2S$ synthesis. Concomitantly, a significant decrease in the expression of inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and several angiogenic factors, including interleukin (IL)-8, hypoxia inducible factor-1a, vascular endothelial growth factor, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinases, was observed; all of these factors are normally induced after NaHS. An in vitro angiogenesis assay demonstrated that NaHS significantly increased tube formation in endothelial cells, whereas KRGE pretreatment significantly attenuated tube formation. NaHS activated p38 and Akt, increasing the expression of angiogenic factors and the proliferation of HUVECs, whereas KRGE effectively abrogated this $H_2S$-activated angiogenesis and the increase in inflammatory mediators in vascular endothelial cells. In conclusion, KRGE was able to mitigate $H_2S$-induced angiogenesis, implying that antagonistic action against $H_2S$-induced angiogenesis may be the mechanism underlying the gastric cancer preventive effects of KRGE in H. pylori infection.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.49-65
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of Gagamsosokmyeong-tang(Jiajianxiaoxuming-tang) on the monosodium iodoacetate(MIA) induced early state osteoarthritis in rats. Methods: Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of MIA(0.25 mg) into knee joints of rats. Osteoarthritis rats were divided into control(n=8) and treated=8 group respectively, Control group was taken distilled water and treated group was taken extracts of Gagamsosokmyeong-tang(Jiajianxiaoxuming-tang) by orally for 20 days. Body weight was measured at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 days after MIA injection. At the end of experiment, gross and histopathological examination on the articular cartilages of the knee joints were performed. Proteoglycan(PG) content of articular cartilages were analysed by safranine O staining method. The content of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$, $interleukin-1{\beta}(IL-1{\beta})$ in synovial fluids were analysed by enzyme-inked inmunosorbent assay(ELISA) method. And also cycloxygenase-2(COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase 3(MMP-3), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), calpain immunochistochemical examination on the knee joints were performed. Results: PG content in articular cartilages of the treated group was significantly increased compared with control group. Histopathological osteoarthritic score of the treated group was significantly decreased compared with control group. $TNF-{\alpha}$ content in synovial fluids, expression of iNOS and calpain in synovial membrane of the treated group were significantly decreased compared with control group. But body weight, $1L-1{\beta}$ content in synovial fluids, expression of iNOS and MMP-3 of the treated group were not significantly changed compared with control group. Conclusions: On the basis of these results, we conclude that Gagamsosokmyeong-tang(Jiajianxiaoxuming-tang) has anti-arthritic effects on the MIA induced early stage osteoarthritis in rats.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제81권1호
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• pp.80-87
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• 2018

Background: Asthma is a disease of chronic airway inflammation with heterogeneous features. Neutrophilic asthma is corticosteroid-insensitive asthma related to absence or suppression of $T_H2$ process and increased $T_H1$ and/or $T_H17$ process. Macrolides are immunomodulatory drug that reduce airway inflammation, but their role in asthma is not fully known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of macrolides in neutrophilic asthma and compare their effects with those of corticosteroids. Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Clarithromycin (CAM) and/or dexamethasone (DXM) were administered at days 14, 15, 21, 22, and 23. At day 24, the mice were sacrificed. Results: Airway resistance in the OVA+LPS exposed mice was elevated but was more attenuated after treatment with CAM+DXM compared with the monotherapy group (p<0.05 and p<0.01). In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid study, total cells and neutrophil counts in OVA+LPS mice were elevated but decreased after CAM+DXM treatment. In hematoxylin and eosin stain, the CAM+DXM-treated group showed less inflammation additively than the monotherapy group. There was less total protein, interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon ${\gamma}$, and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ in the CAM+DXM group than in the monotherapy group (p<0.001, p<0.05, and p<0.001). More histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity was recovered in the DXM and CAM+DXM challenged groups than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Decreased IL-17 and recovered relative HDAC2 activity correlated with airway resistance and inflammation in a neutrophilic asthma mouse model. This result suggests macrolides as a potential corticosteroid-sparing agent in neutrophilic asthma.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.70-74
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• 2013

L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is one of the well-known antiviral agents, especially to influenza virus. Since the in vivo antiviral effect is still controversial, we investigated whether vitamin C could regulate influenza virus infection in vivo by using Gulo (-/-) mice, which cannot synthesize vitamin C like humans. First, we found that vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice expired within 1 week after intranasal inoculation of influenza virus (H3N2/Hongkong). Viral titers in the lung of vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice were definitely increased but production of anti-viral cytokine, interferon (IFN)-${\alpha}/{\beta}$, was decreased. On the contrary, the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lung and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-${\alpha}/{\beta}$, were increased in the lung. Taken together, vitamin C shows in vivo antiviral immune responses at the early time of infection, especially against influenza virus, through increased production of IFN-${\alpha}/{\beta}$.