• 제목/요약/키워드: Intercellular membrane complex

검색결과 16건 처리시간 0.025초

The Plant Cellular Systems for Plant Virus Movement

  • Hong, Jin-Sung;Ju, Ho-Jong
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • 제33권3호
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    • pp.213-228
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    • 2017
  • Plasmodesmata (PDs) are specialized intercellular channels that facilitate the exchange of various molecules, including sugars, ribonucleoprotein complexes, transcription factors, and mRNA. Their diameters, estimated to be 2.5 nm in the neck region, are too small to transfer viruses or viral genomes. Tobacco mosaic virus and Potexviruses are the most extensively studied viruses. In viruses, the movement protein (MP) is responsible for the PD gating that allows the intercellular movement of viral genomes. Various host factors interact with MP to regulate complicated mechanisms related to PD gating. Virus replication and assembly occur in viral replication complex (VRC) with membrane association, especially in the endoplasmic reticulum. VRC have a highly organized structure and are highly regulated by interactions among the various host factors, proteins encoded by the viral genome, and the viral genome. Virus trafficking requires host machineries, such as the cytoskeleton and the secretory systems. MP facilitates the virus replication and movement process. Despite the current level of understanding of virus movement, there are still many unknown and complex interactions between virus replication and virus movement. While numerous studies have been conducted to understand plant viruses with regards to cell-to-cell movement and replication, there are still many knowledge gaps. To study these interactions, adequate research tools must be used such as molecular, and biochemical techniques. Without such tools, virologists will not be able to gain an accurate or detailed understanding of the virus infection process.

양모의 저온 염색 소개 - Sirolan LTD Process from ICI (Low Temperature Dyeing Process by Intercellular diffusion through Cell Membrane Complex Modification of Wool. - Technology based on CSIRO and ICI)

  • 윤일남
    • 한국염색가공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국염색가공학회 2001년도 추계학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.3-11
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    • 2001
  • Fundamental studies at the CSIRO division of Wool technology and ICI on the diffusion of dyes into wool〔1,2〕have let to development of a new approach to wool dyeing. In this method, the cell membrane complex of wool is modified before dyeing by treatment under mildly alkaline conditions with a special chemicals. Wool pretreated with ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salt has an increased rate of dyebath exhaustion and dye penetration early in the dyeing cycle. This enables the treated material to be dyed below the boil for a similar time to the conventional cycle. This technique can be used on untreated and shrinkresist-treated wool and wool/nylon blends. In addition to good macro-levelness and excellent coverage of tippiness, the low temperature dyeing process give higher exhaustion levels of dyestuffs and insect-resist agent and hence cleaner effluent liquors, compared with conventional dyeing process. Low Temperature Dyeing process cause significantly less fiber damage than conventional way. The reduction in damage is reflected in improved processing performance of the dyed wool.

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Targeting Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Interactions and Its Therapeutic Applications

  • Kim, In-San
    • 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-1
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    • pp.100-101
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    • 2003
  • Cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction is clearly required for metazoans not only to hold their cells together but also to conduct more sophisticated biological processes. Each cell has adhesion molecules on its cell membrane to link extracellular matrix and adjacent cells to the intracellular cytoskeleton, and also to transduce signals. In complex metazoans, information is transmitted from one cell to another by mechanisms such as direct intercellular communication, soluble signal molecules among distant cells, and local cellular environments formed by highly specialized extracellular matrix. (omitted)

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The complex role of extracellular vesicles in HIV infection

  • Jung-Hyun Lee
    • BMB Reports
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    • 제56권6호
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    • pp.335-340
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    • 2023
  • During normal physiological and abnormal pathophysiological conditions, all cells release membrane vesicles, termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). Growing evidence has revealed that EVs act as important messengers in intercellular communication. EVs play emerging roles in cellular responses and the modulation of immune responses during virus infection. EVs contribute to triggering antiviral responses to restrict virus infection and replication. Conversely, the role of EVs in the facilitation of virus spread and pathogenesis has been widely documented. Depending on the cell of origin, EVs carry effector functions from one cell to the other by horizontal transfer of their bioactive cargoes, including DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. The diverse constituents of EVs can reflect the altered states of cells or tissues during virus infection, thereby offering a diagnostic readout. The exchanges of cellular and/or viral components by EVs can inform the therapeutic potential of EVs for infectious diseases. This review discusses recent advances of EVs to explore the complex roles of EVs during virus infection and their therapeutic potential, focusing on HIV-1.

Na/K-ATPase beta1-subunit associates with neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) to participate in intercellular interactions

  • Cheon, Yeongmi;Yoo, Ara;Seo, Hyunseok;Yun, Seo-Young;Lee, Hyeonhee;Lim, Heeji;Kim, Youngho;Che, Lihua;Lee, Soojin
    • BMB Reports
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    • 제54권3호
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    • pp.164-169
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    • 2021
  • Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) is a GPI-anchored membrane protein that is involved in neural cell adhesion and communication. Multiple genome wide association studies have found that NEGR1 is a generic risk factor for multiple human diseases, including obesity, autism, and depression. Recently, we reported that Negr1-/- mice showed a highly increased fat mass and affective behavior. In the present study, we identified Na/K-ATPase, beta1-subunit (ATP1B1) as an NEGR1 binding partner by yeast two-hybrid screening. NEGR1 and ATP1B1 were found to form a relatively stable complex in cells, at least partially co-localizing in membrane lipid rafts. We found that NEGR1 binds with ATP1B1 at its C-terminus, away from the binding site for the alpha subunit, and may contribute to intercellular interactions. Collectively, we report ATP1B1 as a novel NEGR1-interacting protein, which may help deciphering molecular networks underlying NEGR1-associated human diseases.

풍화작용에 의한 정상모발의 형태학적 변화 (Morphological Change of Men's Hair Shaft by Weathering)

  • 홍완성;장병수;임도선;박상옥;여성문
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.11-20
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    • 2000
  • 성인 남성의 모발에서 정상 모간과 자연상태에서 손상된 모간의 외부형태와 미세구조적 변화를 광학현미경과 주사 및 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 정상 모간은 모소피층, 모피질, 모수질 등의 3부분으로 구성되어 있었다. 모소피층은 $5\sim7$개의 모소피세들이 중첩되어 모피질과 모수질을 둘러싸고 있고, 길게 신장되어 모피질을 둘러싸고 있는 소피세포의 두께는 약 $0.4{\mu}m$로 확인되었다. 또한, 이들 세포사이에는 약 $25{\mu}m$의 세포사이 막복합체가 관찰되었다. 모피질은 잘 발달되어 각질화세포(cornified cell)들로 치밀하게 채워져 있었고, 각질화세포는 직경이 약 $0.5\sim0.8{\mu}m$인 구형 또는 타원형의 macrofibril로 구성되어 있었으며, 이들은 약 8 nm 두께의 가는 microfibril이 동심원상의 규칙적인 형태로 배열되어 있었다. 그리고 macrofibril사이에는 약 $0.5{\mu}m$ 크기의 직경을 가진 구형의 melanin과립들이 고르게 산재되어 관찰되었다. 모수질은 공기가 채워져 있었고, 직경이 약 $16{\mu}m$의 구형의 형태로 모간의 전체 직경에 1/5정도를 차지하고 있었다. 풍화에 의해 손상된 모간은 모소피층이 박리되어 있었으며, 모피질세포의 세포질도 손상되어 melanin과립들이 표면에 노출되어 있는 것인 확인되었다. 조직표본상에서 모소피층의 박리과정은 모소피 사이에 공포가 형성되고, 이어서 모소피의 가장자리가 떨어져 나가고, 박리되지 많은 부위는 절단되었다. 모소피가 탈락되어 모피질이 노출된 부위에서는 각질화세포내에 존재하는 macrofibril이 각각 분리되고, 인접된 macrofibril사이에 공기가 채워지게 어 모간의 풍화과정은 더욱 촉진되었다. 그리고 노출된 macrofibril사이에서 탈락 직전의 melanin과립들이 산재되어 관찰되었다.

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파주에서 발견된 16세기 미라 머리카락의 미세구조과 보존상태에 관한 연구 (Studies on the Preservative Condition and the Ultrastructure of Hair of Newly Found Sixteenth Century Mummy in Paju)

  • 이귀영;장병수
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.24-31
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    • 2005
  • 본 연구는 2002년 9월 묘지 이장 과정 중에 경기도 파주에서 발견된 여성미라 머리카락의 미세구조와 보존상태를 투과 및 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 16세기에 만들어진 미라의 머리카락은 완벽한 상태로 관찰되었다. 머리카락의 큐티클층과 피질 및 수질도 분해되거나 부서지지 않은 상태로 보존되어 있다. 큐티클층은 윤곽이 뚜렷하게 구별되는데 이 층은 $6{\sim}7$개의 큐티클세포들로 구성되어 있다. 각각의 큐티클세포는 세포사이막복합체에 의해서 견고하게 부착되어 있다. 피질은 거대원섬유들에 의해서 채워져 있으며 이들 사이에 멜라닌과립들이 산재되어 있다. 막대모양을 하고 있는 거대원섬유는 머리카락의 종축을 따라 평행하게 배열되어 있다. 특히, 피질에서 멜라닌과립은 큐티클층과 인접한 부위에 집중적으로 분포되어 있다. 440년 동안 머리카락이 보존된 원인은 머리카락을 피복하고 있는 다양한 물질들에 의해서 일어났는데, 피복물질을 에너지분산분광분석기로 분석한 결과 칼슘성분이 검출되었다. 머리카락 표면을 덮고 있는 칼슘이온은 머리카락에 수분이나 미생물 등의 접촉을 억제하는 역할을 하는 것으로 사료된다.

미용을 위한 일상적인 열처리에 의해서 손상된 모발의 미세구조 (Fine Structure of Damaged Hair Shaft by Daily Treatment of Heat for a Beautiful Face)

  • 장병수
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • 제33권3호
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    • pp.215-222
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    • 2003
  • 모발의 관리와 미용을 위해 일상생활에서 $40{\sim}170^{\circ}C$의 온도로 가해진 열에 의해 손상된 모발의 외부형태와 미세구조를 주사전자현미경과 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 우리가 일상생활에서 오랜 기간 동안 헤어드라이기를 사용하였을 때 모발에는 다음과 같은 형태적 변화가 일어나서 손상되는 것을 확인하였다. 첫째, 소피의 바깥층을 이루고 있는 비늘이 들떠지는데 이것은 소피세포의 세포사이 막복합체가 분리가 되면서 일어났다. 이어서 모발의 소피층은 떨어져 나가고 피질이 노출되었다. 이차적으로 피질의 각화세포들은 macrofibrl 사이가 찧어지면서 공기 중에 노출되었고 이들 사이에 멜라닌과립들이 산재되어 있었다. 결과적으로 건조한 고열의 바람은 모발의 수분을 제거시키고 모발을 딱딱하게 만들어 탄력성을 상실시키는 것을 확인하였다. 결국, 손상된 모발은 거칠고 불규칙한 표면을 나타내며 광택을 상실하게 되는 것을 확인하였다.

바퀴의 後腸 上皮細胞들에 대한 微細構造 (Ultrastructure of the Hindgut Epithelial Cells in the Cockroach, Blattella germanica L.)

  • 유재혁
    • 한국동물학회지
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.44-59
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    • 1985
  • 가옥내에 서식하는 바퀴 (Blattella germanica Linne)의 後腸을 回腸과 直腸部로 구분하여, 그들을 구성하는 上皮細胞의 微細構造를 관찰하였다. 回腸은 扁平 혹은 立方型의 細胞들이 單層上皮를 만들며 그 內面은 cuticular intima로 덮여 있었다. 細胞들은 細胞器官이 고르게 발달하여 吸收細胞의 形態를 하였으며, 細胞質內에서 동심원적인 環狀構造를 하는 層板狀 結晶體, "spherites"가 많이 관찰됨이 특징이었다. 直腸은 圓柱狀인 圓柱狀吸收細胞의 尖端部原形質膜은 微細絨毛로 변형되었고, 側部原形質膜은 약 200$\\AA$간격으로 심하게 주름이 잡혔으며 그 사이에는 크게 발달한 mitochondria가 밀착하여 mitochondrial-scalarifrom complexes를 형성하였다. 그리고 인접 細胞間에는 많은 細胞間隙을 만들며, 그 사이 사이에는 septate junction과 desmosomes 등으로 연접된 것이 여러 곳에서 관찰되었다. 基底細胞는 납작한 杯모양으로서 細胞質의 電子密度가 높아 검게 보였으며, 그 내에는 Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum 그리고 mitochondria 등 細胞器官들이 발달되었고 膜의 구조 등으로 미루어 보아 역시 吸收機能을 가진 細胞임을 확인하였다. 한편 直腸의 上皮層과 hemolymph 사이에서 壁의 역할을 하는 basal sheath가 基底面을 따라 평행하게 부착되어 있고, 그 basal sheath와 근육층 사이에는 結合組織이 넓은 subepithelial space를 만들어서 그 내에는 많은 氣官小支들과 밀도가 높은 顆粒들을 갖는 軸索이 분포하고 있었다.

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흰쥐 절치치수의 Odontoblast에 관한 Freeze-Fracture 연구 (A Freeze-fracture Study on the Odontoblast of Dental Pulp in the Rat Incisor)

  • 김명국
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • 제16권2호
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    • pp.1-13
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    • 1986
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology and intercellular junctions of the odontoblast of dental pulp in the rat incisor by means of the freeze fracture electron microscopy. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $150{\sim}200g$ were used. After being anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml sodium pentobarbital per kg in body weight(60 mg/ml) the animals were perfused with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-2% paraformaldehyde fixative in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2 through the ascending aorta for one hour. The incisors were carefully extracted from the jaws and demineralized by suspending them in 0.1 M EDTA in 3% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.2) for two weeks. After demineralization, the specimens were obtained from the portion divided into five equal parts. For freeze-fracture replication, demineralized tissues were infiltrated for several hours with 10%, 25% glycerol in 0.1M cacodylate buffer as a cryoprotectant and then frozen in liquid Freon 22 and stored in liquid nitrogen. Fracturing and replication were done in Balzers BAF 400D high-vacuum freeze-fracture apparatus at $-120^{\circ}C$ under routine $5X10^{-7}$ Torr vacuum. The tissue was immediately replicated with platinum unidirectionally at $45^{\circ}$ angle and reinforced with carbon at $90^{\circ}$ angle unidirectionally or by using a rotary stage. The replication process was monitored by a quartz-crystal device. The replicas were immersed in 100% methanol overnight. The tissue was then digested from the replica by clorox (laundry bleach), placed into 5% EDTA, and washed repeatedly with distilled water. The replicas were picked up on 0.3% formvar-coated 75 mesh grids and examined in the JEOL 100B electron microscope. The results were as follows; 1. Both in thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas, three types of intercellular junctions were recognizable in the plasma membrane of odontoblast: gap junction, tight junction and desmosome-like junction. 2. The nuclear pores were evenly distributed over the nuclear envelope. The pore complex formed a ring about 70 nm in diameter. 3. Gap junctions were found between odontoblasts as well as odontoblasts and neighbouring pulp cells (fibroblast, subodontoblastic cell process, nerve-like fibre). Gap junctions, which were round, ellipsoid and pear-shaped and 600 nm in diameter, were observed in the odontoblast. 4. Numerous round and ellipsoid gap junctions could be frequently seen on the plasma membranes in cell body and apical part of the odontoblasts. On the P face, the junctions were recognized as a cluster of closely packed particles, measuring about 9 nm in diameter, and on the E face, the junctions were recognized as a shallow grooves.

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