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중국 전통원림 가원(可園)의 조영자 장경수에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Constructor(Zhangjingxiu) of Keyuan(可園) in Chinese Traditional Garden)

  • 스스쥔;안계복
    • 한국전통조경학회지
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    • 제39권1호
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구는 중국 영남(嶺南)지방에서 가원(可園)을 조영한 장경수(張敬修 1823~1864)를 분석하여 어떤 방식으로 전통원림을 조영하였는지를 밝히는 것이 논문의 목적이다. 본 연구는 조영자와 공간만들기의 관계성 분석에 중점을 두었다. 이를 위해 조영자 생애 분석, 조영 배경 분석, 지방 문인들과의 교류공간으로서의 원림 분석, 조영자의 예술활동을 위한 공간으로서의 원림 분석, 장경수만의 정원만들기로 나누어 분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 장경수는 1823년에 동완시(東莞市)에서 출생하였는데, 22세(1845년)에 내전에 참가하고, 26세(1849년)에 귀향해서 가원을 조영하였다. 그러나 다시 아편전쟁(1856년)을 거쳤으며, 38세(1861년)에는 전쟁으로 얻은 병 때문에 귀향하였으나, 41세(1864년)의 나이로 세상을 떠났다. 장경수는 군인이었기 때문에, 전쟁으로 인한 상처를 치유하는 한편, 평소에 장경수가 가지고 있었던 이상세계를 실현하기 위해 원림을 조성하였다. 원림 조영배경은 원림의 이름 '가원(可園)'에서 찾을 수 있다. 장경수는 전쟁을 통해 알게 된 '세상에서 가능한 것도 없고 불가능한 것도 없다(無可無不可)'는 의미를 원림에서 표현하고자 하였다. 그래서 장경수는 원림 건축물과 시설물에 가당(可堂), 가헌(可軒), 가정(可亭), 가루(可樓), 가주(可舟), 가호(可湖)라는 이름을 붙였다. 또한 그는 전쟁에서 돌아와 어머니에 대한 사랑과 효심으로 원림을 조영하였다. 장경수는 지방 문인들과 함께 가원에서 많은 시화작품을 남겼는데, 원림에서 문인들과 교류공간으로써 거점이 되도록 조성된 곳은 '가헌(可軒)과 가루(可樓)', 그리고 '추월지관(雛月池館)과 가정(可亭)'이다. 장경수는 조경식물 가운데 특히 혜난과 매화를 좋아해서 많은 작품을 남겼다. 특히 혜난의 다양한 분경(盆景) 연출이 가능한 자수대(滋樹臺)가 장경수의 예술활동 공간의 핵심적 공간으로 판단된다. 장경수는 가당(可堂) 앞 중정에 자수대, 석가산(假山涵月), 배월대를 활용해서 매우 특징있는 자기만의 정원을 만듬으로써 명원(名園)이 된 것으로 판단된다.

Q 방법론을 적용한 재즈공연 관객의 유형에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Types of Jazz Performance Audiences Using Q Methodology)

  • 정우식
    • 예술경영연구
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    • 제53호
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    • pp.5-45
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    • 2020
  • 본 연구는 Q 방법론을 활용하여 국내에서 개최되는 재즈공연 관객의 유형과 유형별 특성을 고찰하는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 모집단을 구축하기 위하여 '재즈공연에 관한 사람들의 생각'으로 큰 주제를 정하고, 해당 전문가와의 심층 인터뷰를 거쳐 최종적으로 38여 개의 진술문으로 구성된 Q 표본을 선정하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 음악적 관심 추구유형이다. 본 유형은 평균 한 달에 1회 이상 재즈 공연 관람을 할 만큼 재즈공연 관람을 일상적 여가활동의 방식으로 인식하고 있었다. 본 유형은 재즈공연 관람에 앞서서 뮤지션과 공연에 정보를 숙지하는데, 그 방식은 동호회와 SNS 같은 사회적 관계망을 활용하고 있었고, 공연 관람에 있어서 팬사인회와 같은 재즈 뮤지션과의 정서적 교감 욕구가 큰 편이며, 이런 경험을 특별하다고 여겼다. 둘째, 일반적 관심 추구유형이다. 본 유형의 관객들은 재즈공연의 관람을 일상적인 것이 아닌 특별한 경험으로 인식하는 경향인데, 재즈공연 관람은 특별한 날 친한 지인과 함께 누릴 만한 가치 있는 색다른 경험으로 받아들이고 있었다. 셋째, 자아 가치 추구유형이다. 본 유형은 재즈, 클래식을 대학에서 전공한 부류인데, 주관이 뚜렷하고 전문적인 지식과 경험을 갖춘 사람들로서, 재즈공연의 품질을 평가하는 데 있어서 아티스트의 명성보다는 공연의 음향, 조명, 영상, 공연장 음향 설계, 연주자의 기량, 공연장의 시설수준과 접근성 등 공연상품의 전반적인 퀄리티에 민감한 반응을 보였다. 본 연구는 재즈관객의 유형을 질적인 연구방법론인 Q 방법론을 통하여 밝혀내었고, 이를 통해 개별 재즈관객 유형에게 적용할 수 있는 공연기획상의 마케팅믹스에 유의미한 시사점을 제시했다는 데에서 그 의의를 둘 수 있다.

UCC(user-created-contents) 웹 사이트에서 사용자의 인성이 감정적, 인지적 평가와 UCC 활용에 미치는 영향 (The Effect of Users' Personality on Emotional and Cognitive Evaluation in UCC Web Site Usage)

  • 문윤지;강소라;김우곤
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제20권3호
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    • pp.167-190
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    • 2010
  • The research conducted here focuses on the effect of factors that affect the behavior of UCC (User Created Content) website users, other than user's rational recognition of how useful a UCC website can be. Most discussions in the existing literature on information systems have focused on users' evaluation how a UCC website can help to attain the users' own goals. However, there are other factors and this research pays attention to an individual's 'personality,' which is stable and biological in nature. Specifically, I have noted here that 'extroversion' and 'neuroticism,' the two common personality factors presented in Eysenck's most representative 'EPQ Model' and 'Big Five Model,' are the two personality factors that affect a site's 'usefulness,' by this I mean how useful does the user consider the website and its content. How useful a site is considered by the user is the other factor that has been regarded as the antecedent factor that influences the adoption of information systems in the existing MIS (Management Information System) research. Secondly, as using or creating a UCC website does not guarantee the user's or the creator's extrinsic motivation, unlike when using the information system within an organization, there is a greater likelihood that the increase in user's activities in relation to a UCC website is motivated by emotional factors rather than rational factors. Thus, I have decided to include the relationship between an individual's personality and what they find pleasurable in the research model. Thirdly, when based on the S-O-R Paradigm of Mehrabian and Russell, the two cognitive factors and emotional factors are finally affected by stimulus, and thus these factors ultimately have an effect on an individual's respondent behavior. Therefore, this research has presented an assumption that the recognition of how useful the site and content is and what emotional pleasure it provides will finally affect the behavior of the UCC website users. Finally, the relationship between the recognition of how useful a site is and how pleasurable it is to useand UCC usage may differ depending on certain situational conditions. In other words, the relationship between the three factors may vary according to how much users are involved in the creation of the website content. Creation thus emerges as the keyword of UCC. I analyzed the above relationships through the moderating variable of the user's involvement in the creation of the site. The research result shows the following: When it comes to the relationship between an individual's personality and what they find pleasurable it is extroverted users who have a greater likelihood to feel pleasure when using a UCC website, as was expected in this research. This in turn leads to a more active usage of the UCC web site because a person who is an extrovert likes to spend time on activities with other people, is sensitive to new experiences and stimuli and thus actively responds to these. An extroverted person accepts new UCC activities as part of his/her social life, rather than getting away from this new UCC environment. This is represented by the term 'Foxonomy' where the users meet a variety of users from all over the world and contact new types of content created by these users. However, neuroticism creates the opposite situation to that created by extroversion. The representative symptoms of neuroticism are instability, stress, and tension. These dispositions are more closely related to stress caused by a new environment rather than this creatingcuriosity or pleasure. Thus, neurotic persons have an uneasy feeling and will eventually avoid the situation where their own or others' daily lives are frequently exposed to the open web environment, this eventually makes them have a negative attitude towards the web environment. When it comes to an individual's personality and how useful site is, the two personality factors of extroversion and neuroticism both have a positive relationship with the recognition of how useful the site and its content is. The positive, curious, and social dispositions of extroverted persons tend to make them consider the future usefulness and possibilities of a new type of information system, or website, based on their positive attitude, which has a significant influence on the recognition of how useful these UCC sites are. Neuroticism also favorably affects how useful a UCC website can be through a different mechanism from that of extroversion. As the neurotic persons tend to feel uneasy and have much doubt about a new type of information system, they actively explore its usefulness in order to relieve their uncomfortable feelings. In other words, neurotic persons seek out how useful a site can be in order to secure their own stable feelings. Meanwhile, extroverted persons explore how useful a site can be because of their positive attitude and curiosity. As a lot of MIS research has revealed that the recognition of how useful a site can be and how pleasurable it can be to use have been proven to have a significant effect on UCC activity. However, the relationship between these factors reveals different aspects based on the user's involvement in creation. This factor of creationgauges the interest of users in the creation of UCC contents. Involvement is a variable that shows the level of an individual's mental effort in creating UCC contents. When a user is highly involved in the creation process and makes an enormous effort to create UCC content (classed a part of a high-involvement group), their own pleasure and recognition of how useful the site is have a significantly higher effect on the future usage of the UCC contents, more significantly than the users who sit back and just retrieve the UCC content created by others. The cognitive and emotional response of those in the low-involvement group is unlikely to last long,even if they recognize the contents of a UCC website is pleasurable and useful to them. However, the high-involvement group tends to participate in the creation and the usage of UCC more favorably, connecting the experience with their own goals. In this respect, this research presents an answer to the question; why so many people are participating in the usage of UCC, the representative form of the Web 2.0 that has drastically involved more and more people in the creation of UCC, even if they cannot gain any monetary or social compensation. Neither information system nor a website can succeed unless it secures a certain level of user base. Moreover, it cannot be further developed when the reasons, or problems, for people's participation are not suitably explored, even if it has a certain user base. Thus, what is significant in this research is that it has studied users' respondent behavior based on an individual's innate personality, emotion, and cognitive interaction, unlike the existing research that has focused on 'compensation' to explain users' participation with the UCC website. There are also limitations in this research. Firstly, I divided an individual's personality into extroversion and neuroticism; however, there are many other personal factors such as neuro-psychiatricism, which also needs to be analyzed for its influence on UCC activities. Secondly, as a UCC website comes in many types such as multimedia, Wikis, and podcasting, these types need to be included as a sub-category of the UCC websites and their relationship with personality, emotion, cognition, and behavior also needs to be analyzed.