• 지능정보연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.79-104
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• 2020

최근 텍스트와 이미지 딥러닝 기술의 괄목할만한 발전에 힘입어, 두 분야의 접점에 해당하는 이미지 캡셔닝에 대한 관심이 급증하고 있다. 이미지 캡셔닝은 주어진 이미지에 대한 캡션을 자동으로 생성하는 기술로, 이미지 이해와 텍스트 생성을 동시에 다룬다. 다양한 활용 가능성 덕분에 인공지능의 핵심 연구 분야 중 하나로 자리매김하고 있으며, 성능을 다양한 측면에서 향상시키고자 하는 시도가 꾸준히 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 이처럼 이미지 캡셔닝의 성능을 고도화하기 위한 최근의 많은 노력에도 불구하고, 이미지를 일반인이 아닌 분야별 전문가의 시각에서 해석하기 위한 연구는 찾아보기 어렵다. 동일한 이미지에 대해서도 이미지를 접한 사람의 전문 분야에 따라 관심을 갖고 주목하는 부분이 상이할 뿐 아니라, 전문성의 수준에 따라 이를 해석하고 표현하는 방식도 다르다. 이에 본 연구에서는 전문가의 전문성을 활용하여 이미지에 대해 해당 분야에 특화된 캡션을 생성하기 위한 방안을 제안한다. 구체적으로 제안 방법론은 방대한 양의 일반 데이터에 대해 사전 학습을 수행한 후, 소량의 전문 데이터에 대한 전이 학습을 통해 해당 분야의 전문성을 이식한다. 또한 본 연구에서는 이 과정에서 발생하게 되는 관찰간 간섭 문제를 해결하기 위해 '특성 독립 전이 학습' 방안을 제안한다. 제안 방법론의 실현 가능성을 파악하기 위해 MSCOCO의 이미지-캡션 데이터 셋을 활용하여 사전 학습을 수행하고, 미술 치료사의 자문을 토대로 생성한 '이미지-전문 캡션' 데이터를 활용하여 전문성을 이식하는 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과 일반 데이터에 대한 학습을 통해 생성된 캡션은 전문적 해석과 무관한 내용을 다수 포함하는 것과 달리, 제안 방법론에 따라 생성된 캡션은 이식된 전문성 관점에서의 캡션을 생성함을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 전문 이미지 해석이라는 새로운 연구 목표를 제안하였고, 이를 위해 전이 학습의 새로운 활용 방안과 특정 도메인에 특화된 캡션을 생성하는 방법을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.165-203
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• 1987

This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects on FP use: During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign driven by the Government for the same study period. Therefore, there was no increment of FP acceptance rate due to additional input of MW to the on-going FP program. But in the study area, quality aspects of FP were somewhat improved, having a better continuation rate of IUDs & pills and more use of effective Contraceptive methods in comparison with the control area. 2. Effects of use of MCH services: Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 75% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the same increased from 41% (1981) to 65% (1984). It is noteworthy that almost two thirds of the recent birth cohort received prenatal care even in the control area, indicating that there is a growing demand of MCH care as the size of family norm becomes smaller 3. There has been a substantive increase in delivery care by medical professions in the study area, with an annual increase rate of 10% due to midwives input in the study areas. The project had about two times greater effect on postnatal care (68% vs. 33%) at delivery care(45.2% vs. 26.1%). 4. The study area had better reproductive efficiency (wanted pregancies with FP practice & healthy live births survived by one year old) than the control area, especially among women under 30 (14.1% vs. 9.6%). The proportion of women who preferred the 1st trimester for their first prenatal care rose significantly in the study area as compared to the control area (24% vs 13%). B) Effects on Interactive Linkage 1. This project made a contribution in making several useful steps in the direction of service integration, namely; i) The health workers have become familiar with procedures on how to work together with each other (especially with a midwife) in carrying out their work in FP/MCH and, ii) The health workers have gotten a feeling of the usefulness of family health records (statistical integration) in identifying targets in their own work and their usefulness in caring for family health. 2. On the other hand, because of a lack of required organizational factors, complete linkage was not obtained as the project intended. i) In regards to the government health worker's activities in terms of home visiting there was not much difference between the study & control areas though the MW did more home visiting than Government health workers. ii) In assessing the service performance of MW & health workers, the midwives balanced their workload between 40% FP, 40% MCH & 20% other activities (mainly immunization). However, $85{\sim}90%$ of the services provided by the health workers were other than FP/MCH, mainly for immunizations such as the encephalitis campaign. In the control area, a similar pattern was observed. Over 75% of their service was other than FP/MCH. Therefore, the pattern shows the health workers are a long way from becoming multipurpose workers even though the government is pushing in this direction. 3. Villagers were much more likely to visit the health sub-center clinic in the study area than in the control area (58% vs.31%) and for more combined care (45% vs.23%). C) Organization factors (admistrative integrative issues) 1. When MW (new workers with higher qualification) were introduced to HSC, it was noted that there were conflicts between the existing HSC workers (Nurse aids with less qualification than MW) and the MW for the beginning period of the project. The cause of the conflict was studied by an anthropologist and it was pointed out that these functional integration problems stemmed from the structural inadequacies of the health subcenter organization as indicated below; i) There is still no general consensus about the objectives and goals of the project between the project staff and the existing health workers. ii) There is no formal linkage between the responsibility of each member's job in the health sub-center. iii) There is still little chance for midwives to play a catalytic role or to establish communicative networks between workers in order to link various knowledge and skills to provide better FP/MCH services in the health sub-center. 2. Based on the above findings the project recommended to the County Chief (who has power to control the administrative staff and the technical staff in his county) the following ; i) In order to solve the conflicts between the individual roles and functions in performing health care activities, there must be goals agreed upon by both. ii) The health sub·center must function as an autonomous organization to undertake the integration health project. In order to do that, it is necessary to support administrative considerations, and to establish a communication system for supervision and to control of the health sub-centers. iii) The administrative organization, tentatively, must be organized to bind the health worker's midwive's and director's jobs by an organic relationship in order to achieve the integrative system under the leadership of health sub-center director. After submitting this observation report, there has been better understanding from frequent meetings & communication between HW/MW in FP/MCH work as the program developed. Lessons learned from the Seosan Project (on issues of FP/MCH integration in Korea); 1) A majority or about 80% of the couples are now practicing FP. As indicated by the study, there is a growing demand from clients for the health system to provide more MCH services than FP in order to maintain the achieved small size of family through FP practice. It is fortunate to see that the government is now formulating a MCH policy for the year 2,000 and revising MCH laws and regulations to emphasize more MCH care for achieving a small size family through family planning practice. 2) Goal consensus in FP/MCH shouBd be made among the health workers It administrators, especially to emphasize the need of care of 'wanted' child. But there is a long way to go to realize the 'real' integration of FP into MCH in Korea, unless there is a structural integration FP/MCH because a categorical FP is still first priority to reduce the rate of population growth for economic reasons but not yet for health/welfare reasons in practice. 3) There should be more financial allocation: (i) a midwife should be made available to help to promote the MCH program and coordinate services, (in) there should be a health sub·center director who can provide leadership training for managing the integrated program. There is a need for 'organizational support', if the decision of integration is made to obtain benefit from both FP & MCH. In other words, costs should be paid equally to both FP/MCH. The integration slogan itself, without the commitment of paying such costs, is powerless to advocate it. 4) Need of management training for middle level health personnel is more acute as the Government has already constructed 90 MCH centers attached to the County Health Center but without adequate manpower, facilities, and guidelines for integrating the work of both FP and MCH. 5) The local government still considers these MCH centers only as delivery centers to take care only of those visiting maternity cases. The MCH center should be a center for the managment of all pregnancies occurring in the community and the promotion of FP with a systematic and effective linkage of resources available in the county such as i.e. Village Health Worker, Community Health Practitioner, Health Sub-center Physicians & Health workers, Doctors and Midwives in MCH center, OBGY Specialists in clinics & hospitals as practiced by the Seosan project at primary health care level.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 1968

작물근의 분비물질이나 함유물질이 그 작물 자체에 나 또는 다른 작물에 미치는 영향을 구명하여 작무작촌방식 개선에 기여하고자 본연구를 하였다. 재료와 방법은 우리 나라에 적합한 사료작물중에서 레드클로우버, 옹처드그라스 및 브로움그라스의 생근즙액, 부패근즙액, 수경폐액을 채취하여 레드클로우버, 라디노클로우버, 매듭풀, 콩, 오오처드그라스, 이탈리안라이그라스, 브르움그라스, 보리, 밀, 수수, 옥수수 및 기장 등의 종자발아 및 생장에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그리고, 식물근의 분비물질이나 함유물질중 기지현상과 관계가 깊은 것은 유기산일 것이라는 견해하에 이들 3개 재료작물의 근에서 유기산을 분석하였다. 본 실험 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 생근즙액의 영향 : 레드클로우버즙액 : 라디노클로우버와 매듭풀의 유식물 생장을 제제하였고, 화본과작물에 대하여는 수수를 제외하고는 모든 작물에 생육제제작용을 하였다. 오오처드그라스즙액 : 레드클로우버와 콩의 유식물생장을 촉진하였으며, 오오처드그라스 자체에 대해서 발아와 생장을 제제하고, 보리와 기장의 생육을 제제하는 이외는 그 밖에 작물에 대한 영향을 인정할 수 없었다. 브로움그라스액즙 : 이탈리안라이그라스에 대해서는 영향이 없고, 그 밖의 작물에 대해서는 모두 제제작용을 하였다. (2) 부패근즙액의 영향 : 레드클로우버즙액 : 레드클로우버의 유식물의 생장을 촉진하였고, 수수를 제외한 그 밖의 작물에 대해서는 모두 제제작용을 하였다. 오오처드그라스즙액 : 레드클로우버와 리디노클로우버, 콩, 수수의 생장을 촉진하였고, 보리와 기장의 발아와 발근을 제제하였다. 브로움그라스즙액 : 레드클로우버, 콩, 수수에 대해서는 생장에 촉진적 영향을 미쳤고, 오오처드그라스, 브로움그라스, 보리, 기장에는 제제적 영향을 미쳤다. (3) 수경폐액의 영향 : 레드클로우버의 폐액은 화본과작물의 생장에 제제적 작용을 하였으며, 오오처드그라스와 이탈리안라이그라스의 폐액은 레드클로우버의 생장에 촉진적 영향을 미쳤다. (4) 유기산 분석 결과 : 레드클로우버근에는 비휘발성 유기산중, 수산, 구연산, 주석산, 마론산, 사과산, 호백산이 들어 있었고, 오오처드그라스와 브로움그라스에는 수산, 구연산, 주석산, 사과산이 들어 있었다. 그리고, 모두 휘발성 유기산인 의산이 들어있음을 확인했다. 이상의 결과로 보아 본실험의 뿌리의 분비물질이나 함유물질의 영향으로 다음 사항을 알 수 있었다. ${\circled1}$ 레드클로우버는 대체로 화본과작물에는 불리한 영향을 미치는데, 그 원인은 뿌리가 함유하는 유기산(수산, 구연산, 주석산, 마론산, 사과산, 오백산, 의산)의 종류와 함량이 많기 때문이라고 인정된다. ${\circled2}$ 오오처드그라스는 두과작물에 대체로 유리한 영향을 미치는데, 그 원인은 뿌리가 함유하는 유기산(수산, 구연산, 주석산, 사과산, 의산)의 종류와 함량이 적고, 또 어떤 생장촉진물질이 들어 있기 때문이라고 인정된다. ${\circled3}$ 브로움그라스의 뿌리는 부패하지 않는 근 두과 화본과작물에 모두 불리한 영향을 미치는데, 그 원인은 확인된 유기산(수산, 구연산, 주석산, 사과산, 의산)이외에 미동정된 수종의 휘발성물질이 들어 있기 때문이라고 인정된다. (5) 근부함유물질의 기지현상에 대한 영향 : ${\circled1}$ 종래 알려진 레드클로우버의 기지현상의 원인은 뿌리의 유독성분에 의하는 것은 아니라고 인정된다. ${\circled2}$ 오오처드그라스 및 브로움그라스는 장기단작의 경우는 뿌리의 유독성분이 기지의 원인이 될 수 있다고 인정된다. (6) 근부함유물질의 작부체계상 상대작물에 대한 영향 : ${\circled1}$ 생근즙액 및 수경폐액의 경우(간작, 혼작 상정) : 1) 유리한 조합 : 오오처드그라스->레드클로우버, 콩. 이탈리안라이그라스->레드클로우버. 2) 불리한 조합 : 레드클로우버->라디노클로우버, 매듭풀, 오오처드그라스 ,이탈리안라이그라스, 브로움그라스, 보리 ,밀, 옥수수, 기장. 오오처드그라스->매듭풀, 오오처드그라스, 보리, 기장. 브로움그라스->레드클로우버, 라디노클로우버, 매듭풀, 콩, 오오처드그라스, 브로움그라스, 보리, 밀, 수수, 옥수수, 기장. 3) 무해한 조합 : 레드클로우버->레드클로우버, 콩, 수수. 오오처드그라스->라디노클로우버, 이탈리안라이그라스, 브로움그라스, 밀, 수수, 옥수수. 브로움그라스->이탈리안라이그라스. ${\circled2}$ 부패근즙액의 경우(후작 상) : 1) 불리한 조합 : 레드클로우버$\longrightarrow$레드클로우버, 수수. 오오처드그라스->레드클로우버, 라디노클로우버, 콩, 수수, 옥수수. 브로움그라스-> 레드크로우버, 콩, 수수. 2) 불리한 조합 : 레드클로우버->매듭풀, 오오처드그라스, 이탈리안라이그라스, 브로움그라스, 보리, 밀, 기장. 오오처드그라스->보리, 기장. 브로움그라스->오오처드그라스, 브로움그라스, 보리, 기장. 3) 무해한 조합 : 레드클로우버->라디노클로우버, 콩, 옥수수. 오오처드그라스->매듭풀, 오오처드그라스, 이탈리안라이그라스, 브로움그라스, 밀. 브로움그라스->라디노클로우버, 매듭풀, 이탈리안라이그라스, 밀.