• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.32-43
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• 2006

Purpose: Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS) is widely used for poisoning data collection and making a counterplan. But, there were few reports about poisoning data collection using TESS in Korea. The aim was to collect poisoning data using TESS report form and investigate the recognition of emergency physician about the necessity of TESS as preliminary survey. Methods: Retrospectively, we gathered data from hospital records about the patient who admitted hospital emergency room due to poisoning. Date were gathered by paper and/or web client system report form in patients recruited by ICD-10 codes Results: From Jun 2004 to May 2005,3,203 patients were enrolled in 30 hospitals and their mean age was $44.9{\pm}20.3years$ old(male: female = 1,565: 1,638). The most frequent site of exposure was their own residence (73.2%, 2,345/3,203) and most of reported patients were older than 20 years(89.7%, 2,871/3,203). Frequent substances involved in poisoning were medication(41.9%) and pesticide(33.3%). Intentional poisoning was 60.7%(1,954). In fatality, overall frequency was 5.1%(162/3,203) and the most frequent route of exposure was ingestion(96.3%, 156/162) and the most frequent substance was pesticide(85.2%, 138/ 162). Antidotes were administered in 202 patients(2-PAM, atropine, antivenin, N-acetylcystein, vitamin K, flumazenil, ethanol, methylene blue, naloxone, calcium compound). 19 of 20 emergency physicians agreed with necessity of TESS. Conclusion: Data collection using TESS report form showed preliminary poisoning events in Korea. Frequent poisoning substance were medication and pesticide. The fatality was mainly related with pesticide ingestion. Many doctors in emergency room recognized the necessity of TESS.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.46
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• pp.31-62
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• 2016

This study is about the phenomenological study of bodyguards' ethical dilemmas. Through this study, the meaning and essence of bodyguards' ethical dilemmas will be analyzed based on empirical facts. The purpose of this study is to provide basic information of the prevention and solutions for their ethical dilemmas and to understand and research the process and the essentials of them. To achieve this goal of the study, seven bodyguards who experienced ethical dilemmas working more than five years are selected as objects of the study. Colaizzi's six stage method are applied into this study so information gathered through interviews and questionnaire from 0ctober 1st, 2015 to November 20th, 2015 is analyzed. From the process of this research, these following conclusions are drawn considering validity of this study and ethical things. As a result, bodyguards' ethical dilemmas are divided into six centric meanings and 20 thematic statement. First, the centric meaning is conflict factors and the themes are discordance of pre-practice, regulatory or procedure problems, communication about sturcture and job and service disagreement. Second, the centric meaning is limited professional roles and the themes are institutional custom, decision making, priorities. Third, the centric meaning is difficulties of circumstantial judgement at work places and the themes are ambiguity of decision, conflict of knowledge, experience and opinion. Forth, the centric meaning is reasonable self-defense and the themes are lack of responsibility, rationalization, intentional negligence and sense of shame. Fifth, the centric meaning is difficulties of social network and the themes are the relationships between subordinates and superiors, the role of a moderator, uncooperative work and unpleasant sayings and doings. Sixth, the centric meaning is keeping secrets and the themes are burried for and illegal practice.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.837-842
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• 1998

As the size of the integrated circuit is scaled down the importance of Si cleaning has been emphasized. One of the major concerns is abut the removal of metallic impurities such as Cu and Fe on Si surface. In this study, we intentionally contaminated Cu and Fe on the Si wafers and cleaned the wafer by cleaning splits of the chemical mixture of $\textrm{H}_2\textrm{O}_2$ and HF and the combination of HF treatment with UV/$\textrm{O}_3$ treatment. The contamination level was monitored by TXRF. Surface microroughness of the Si wafers was measured by AFM. The Si wafer surface was examined by SEM. AES analysis was carried out to analyze the chemical composition of Cu impurities. The amount of Cu impurities after intentional contamination was abut the level of $\textrm{10}^{14}$ atoms/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The amount of Cu was decreased down to the level of $\textrm{10}^{10}$ atoms/$\textrm{cm}^2$ by cleaning splits. The repeated treatment exhibited better Cu removal efficiency. The surface roughness caused by contamination and removal of Cu was improved by repeated treatment of the cleaning splits. Cu were adsorbed on Si surface not in a thin film type but in a particle type and its diameter was abut 100-400${\AA}$ and its height was 30-100${\AA}$. Cu was contaminated on Si surface by chemical adsorption. In the case of Fe the contamination level was $\textrm{10}^{13}$ atoms/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and showed similar results of above Cu cleaning. Fe was contaminated on Si surface by physical adsorption and as a particle type.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.434-441
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• 2015

Next generation memory technologies, which we denote as 'new memory', have both non-volatile and byte addressable properties. These characteristics are expected to bring changes to the conventional computer system structure. In this paper, we propose a fast boot technique for hybrid main memory architectures that have both new memory and DRAM. The key technique used for fast booting is write-tracking. Write-tracking is used to detect and manage modified data detection and involves setting the kernel region to read-only. This setting is used to trigger intentional faults upon modification requests. As the fault handler can detect the faulting address, write-tracking makes use of the address to manage the modified data. In particular, in our case, we make use of the MMU (Memory Management Unit) translation table. When a write occurs to the boot completed state, write-tracking preserves the original state of the modified address of the kernel region to a particular location, and execution continues. Upon booting, the fast booting process restores the preserved data to the original kernel region allowing rapid system boot-up. We develop the fast booting technique in an actual embedded board equipped with new memory. The boot time is reduced to less than half a second compared to around 15 seconds that is required for the original system.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2018

Recently, it has been a big issue to distinguish the dried roots of Cynanchum wilfordii and C. auriculatum in health functional food market. The original plant species of Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix belong to the Asclepiadaceae family is differentially described in the national pharmacopoeia of Korea, China and Japan. Owing to the morphological similarities of the dried roots of this plant to those of C. auriculatum, which is often misidentified in Korean herbal medicine marketplace, distinguishing these two species is exceedingly difficult. The purpose of this study was to compare the conventional-PCR with the real-time PCR for detection of C. wilfordii and C. auriculatum DNA. We also tried to realize a quantitative real-time PCR assay using species-specific matK primers, which allowed us to estimate the ratio of C. willfordii and C. auriculatum using varying ratios of mixed genomic DNA template from the two species. The differentiation of intentional and unintentional mixture in this study would be applied to food safety management and can be helpful for protection of consumer's right and cultivators.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.112-119
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• 2020

Suicide has been a long-standing problem for global public health, along with almost 800,000 deaths from suicide worldwide in 2016, accounting for 1.4% of all deaths. South Korea was ranked first in suicide mortality in 2018 among countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. This study aimed to suggest up-to-date information about suicide-related indicators such as the rate of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and suicide death, and its trends by applying sampling weight to make it nationally representative. In this study, we used the data sources: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination (KNHANES, '07-13, '15-18), Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS, '08-09, '13, '17), Korean Wealth Panel Study (KOWEPS, '12-18), Korea Health Panel Survey (KHP, '10-13), and Statistics Korea (1983-2017). The rate of suicidal ideation as recent year was 4.73% (KNHANES, '17), 6.96% (KCHS, '17), 2.29% (KOWEPS, '18), and 5.39% (KHP, '13). That of suicide attempt as recent year was 0.51% (KNHANES, '18), 0.32% (KCHS, '17), and 0.15% (KOWEPS, '18). Annual percentage change (APC) of suicidal ideation was -15.4% (KNHANES, '07-13, '15, '17), -2.5% (KCHS, '08-09, '13, '17), -10.8% (KOWEPS, '12-18), and -10.9% (KHP, '10-13). APC of suicide attempt was -4.4% (KNHANES, '07-13, '15-18), -4.4% (KCHS, '08-09, '13, '17), and -13.6% (KOWEPS, '12-18). APC of death by intentional self-harm was -1.25% (Statistics Korea, '07-18). All suicide-related indicators were found to be decreasing in the overall from 2009. Individuals with lower income level were more likely to experience suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Even though suicide rate had been continuously decreasing from its highest point in 2011 (suicide rate: 31.7 per 100,000 population) to 2017 (suicide rate: 24.3 per 100,000 population), it increased again in 2018 (suicide rate: 26.6 per 100,000 population). This information would be grounded on policy implementation for suicide prevention, thus continuous data observation is necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2008

The data on pesticide poisoning death toll during 2000-2005 was obtained from Korean National Statistical Office and analysed to find out any precautionary measures against pesticide poisonings. Pesticide poisoning death toll showed slightly increasing trend with year up to about 3500 in 2005. Most of the pesticide poisoning death cases were intentional self-poisoning accounting for more than 80% of total pesticide poisoning death. The pesticide most often implicated in poisoning death were paraquat dichloride, a non-selective herbicide and organophosphate/carbamate insecticides. The regional distribution of pesticide poisoning death showed urban 21.6% and rural area 78.4%. As for the occupation of the dead, agricultural, forestry and fishery workers accounted for 27.4% and non-agricultural workers was 72.6% of pesticide poisoning death. Therefore, government need to take some precautionary measures to reduce the number of pesticide poisoning cases. It is strongly recommended that pesticide regulatory authorities encourage and train the agricultural workers to use safe storage boxes and enforce strict regulation for the prevention for the prevention of highly toxic pesticides sales to non-agricultural workers.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.39-54
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• 2018

Purpose - To success, in spite of deficient resources, a start-up company has to check various circumstances. Many researchers proposed different appraisal methods for technology commercialization. But everybody agrees Merrifield is the first one, who is a pioneer of an appraisal model of technology commercialization. After he proposed it, many researchers and field workers developed a more complicated model, which called a BMO model. In this research, considering the circumstances of start-ups that lack available resources, it proposes a new appraisal method for technology commercialization, which is named a weighted-BMO model. Research design, data, and methology - For the new BMO-model, it studied the preceding studies. And it found that the success factors for start-ups were correlated with technology commercialization. After comparing the success factors for technology commercialization of start-ups with BMO appraisal factor, it withdraws the net BMO appraisal model: which we are calling the weighted-BMO model. Results - This study found a few things. First, actually, the BMO appraisal factors related with the success factors of technology commercialization. Second, the weighted-BMO model, which included the entrepreneur ability factor, was more accurately estimated the success of technology-based start-ups than the BMO model. Third, it overcame the weakness of the BMO-model, which did not include quantitative factors. In addition to evaluating the feasibility of the BMO model, we also presented a strategy for the future direction. But, still, it included a few shortcomings, which we are calling the arbitrage of weighted value. Sometimes, the intentional weighted value can deliberate the different valuation. Conclusitons - Due to this study, the weighted-BMO model included appraisal factors related with the success factors of technology commercialization and the entrepreneur ability factor, and quantitative factors. When evaluating the combined score of the existing Merrified BMO components, 35 points of the first pass criterion accounted for 29.17% of the total score, and 80 points of the merit score of the second rank criterion were 66.67% Considering that the weighted sum is taken into account, the baseline score of the weighted summing method for each component of the modified BMO model is 2.92 points, which is 29.17% of the weighted sum total of 10 points. The evaluation score was 6.67 points, 66.67% of the weighted total score of 10 points.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.145-160
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• 2000

This study is focused to the national park of Korean typical Sea Hally$\check{o}$ Haesang, and its visual resources and practiced inspect course by the way of suppositions and tests, to show the visual resource management objectively, and that of qualitative basic data. Accordingly by measuring the physical amount spatial structure with the visual amount originated from the Mesh Analyzing Method and the Visual Preference from the Scenic Beauty Estimation(S.B.E.) method and analyzed the valuation of the visual resource by Iverson method. Spatial image structure measured by Semantic Differential(S.D.) Scale was shown through the factor analysis algorithm for the analyzing psychological amount and examined the flowing out of decisive factor and the objective importance related to the mutual factors by appling the measurement of the visual quality. As a national Park, the visual factors that have natural landscape harmonized with forest, sky, surface of the water, curious stones and rocks, and temples should be escalated their values affirmatively so as to be the scenery of pointed direction and enjoyable, and it is of more needed for visual resource and its' controlling technique to make artificial structures more intentional planning and systemical setting. When we are viewing the improvement for the national park along with the visual resource management, reasonable level of development is needed, because when men interference surpass plantations and leasts will be damaged and the quality of natural landscape can be lowered, so it is needed to set up a management end, tangibly or clearly; and it is permitted limit coming and going ablably by accounting the suitable number for availing. But the controling end should be set in every level, positive management, very actively within the permissive varcability. It is the main business for the national park to prevent the damage from human for their gay life or to prevent the damage of a land carpet, and to restorate for the visual resource management.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.407-430
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to prove double faced heterotopiatic placeness of North Korea which can be highlighted to one aspect through priming test. Korean-Americans are found to have a perception of North Korea as a closed society where political leader cult is practiced, Pyongyang as a display city. They have Christian nostalgia toward it as a place where Christianity was first introduced to. North Korea's heterotopiatic placeness is sharing the 5,000 years of history of the Korea peninsula on the one hand and being a closed dictatorship place on the other. North Korea is kept isolated and closed but has had a liminal space through the intentional open system like special economic zone. Pyongyang is the city for specific class where it shows the heterotopiatic character. Priming is found effective in Yeongbyun, a place of extreme mixtures placeness as being the hometown of the beloved Korean poet Kim So-Wol and the site of nuclear weapon experiment but Korean-Americans have not found any priming effect regarding the Geumgang mountain tour. As to the Arirang performance, a man-made landscape expressing North Korea's sense of value and ideology, priming resulted in preference. This study raises the needs for understanding North Korea as a multifaced placeness and it can purposely be emphasized and changed to contribute the two Korea's unification.