• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2004

Objectives : The usage of acupuncture has gained popularity as an alternative method of treatment for certain chronic pain conditions. However, the efficacy of acupuncture in various diseases has not been fully established and the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood. In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to foot samli$(ST_{36})$ on the carrageenan-induced knee arthritic pain was examined. Methods : A common source of persistent pain in humans is the knee arthritis. Knee arthritis was induced by injection of 2 % carrageenan $50\;{\mu}l$ into the knee joint cavity. When rats developed pain behaviors, EA was applied for 30 min. under enflurane anesthesia with repeated train stimuli at the intensity of 10X of muscle twitch threshold. The weight bearing force of the hind limb was measured for an indicator of pain level after each manipulation. Results : The average weight borne by the hind limb during normal gait was 55% of total body weight, which was reduced to less than 10% after knee arthritis. EA improved the weight bearing of the arthritic hind limb significantly for the duration of 4 hr. EA applied to $ST_{36}$ point produced a significant improvement of stepping force of the arthritic foot lasting for at least 4 h. However, $GB_{31}$ point did not produce any significant increase of weight bearing force. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effect on the knee arthritis model could not be mimicked by EA applied to a nearby point, $GB_{31}$. The relations between EA-induced analgesia and endogenous nitric oxide(NO) and inducible NO synthase(iNOS)/neuronal NOS was also examined. Results were turned out that both NO production and nNOS/iNOS protein expression which is increased by arthritis were suppressed by EA stimulation applied to $ST_{36}$ point. Conclusions : The data suggest 1) that EA produces a potent analgesic effect on the rat model of chronic knee arthritis pain in a point specific manner and 2) that EA-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of nNOS/iNOS protein expression.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2013

The objectives of this study were to investigate the quality characteristic of the nutrition bar with various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20%) of defatted ginseng seed meal(DGSM). Specific gravity and pH of bar batters were lower in bars containing DGSM. Specific volume, loss rate and leavening rate of bars were decreased as DGSM increased. In color of bar crust and crumb, the L and bcolor values decreased according to the level of DGSM added, whereas the a color valuesand ${\triangle}$ increased. The bars with 5, 10 and 20% DGSM had significantly higher hardness value than control bar (p < 0.05). The result of sensory evaluation showed that intensity scores for color, flavor, taste, after taste and texture were highest for the nutrition bar substituted with 20% DGSM. The nutrition bar with 10% DGSM attained the highest overall acceptability score. Results indicated that optimal concentration of DGSM into the nutrition bar was 10%.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.1017-1023
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• 1999

Several extraction conditions of mussel were investigated for preparation of the extract as a natural shellfish seasoning. The conditions studied were extraction temperature and time, addition of sodium phosphates and citrate and hydrolysis with commercial proteolytic enzymes. The extracts were prepared by deshelling, grinding and aqueous extraction followed by centrifugation and filtration. Extraction at $90^{\circ}C$ for 40min showed the highest solids yield with less fishy and high umami taste. Among the several phosphates and citrate added, $Na_{3}PO_{4}$ and $Na_{4}P_{2}O_{7}$ at 1% level were most effective in terms of the yield and umami taste. The pH effects showed that pH 10 resulted the highest solids yield of 28% with less fishy taste. Even though the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis was not greatly different among the commercial enzymes tested, Protamex and Protease II were somewhat better than other enzymes in taste. When the mussel were extracted by the combined conditions, hydrolysis with Protamex followed by extraction at $90^{\circ}C$ for 40min with addition of $Na_{3}PO_{4}$ at pH 10, the solid yields increased up to 30% which was about 58% improvement and high intensity of umami taste and less fishy flavor.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.293-298
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to survey the effects of planned exercise over the age of 65 in male and female with regard to their self-efficacy, depression, and life satisfaction, based on the literatures of 14 master and doctoral dissertations published between 2004 and 2014. The subjects with program exercise habit were chosen considering the generalization of the physical characteristics of elderly subjects. The exercise duration was 50 minutes for 3 times a week for 12 to 24 weeks. Exercise intensity was an optimal aerobic exercise plan that the subjects themselves could perform. The average effect size of self-efficacy was 0.793 (26.1% increased), depression was -0.91(31.9% decreased), and life satisfaction was 1.506 (43.4% increased). These indicate that post-exercise psychological variables had a positive effect on self-efficacy and life satisfaction by lowering depression after regular exercise. Therefore, it is necessary to increase regular exercise participation and to provide sustainable scientific information for the aged and healthy living of the elderly.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.65-71
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• 2001

The nuclear power plant(NPP) should be shut down for inspection and tests prior to a return to power if the earthquake exceeds the operating basis earthquake(OBE). The OBE at the plant is considered to have been exceeded if the computed cumulative absolute velocity(CAV) from the earthquake record is greater than 0.16g-sec. However, the CAV criterion should be determined considering the seismic and structural characteristics of the plant. An experimental study using shaking table is conducted in this study to evaluate intensity of CAV criterion. Appropriate level of CAV is evaluated based on the test results using the developed seismic damage indicator(SDI) model. The model consists of stacked acrylic cylinders and is developed to behave consistently for each directional seismic load. The result of the experimental study in dicates that the CAV criterion of 0.16g-sec is conservative enough to be applied to Korean NPPs since the CAV value of the seismic input motion of the Korean standard NPPs ranges from 0.3 to 0.5 g-sec. The developed SDI is expected to be useful not only in easily determining OBE exceedance but also in evaluating earthquake damage quantitatively to provide guidelines for better post-shutdown inspection and test.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1971

This work was carried out to study the chemical properties, the activity of several enzymes, chemical components and the respiratory intensity of mite galls on the leaves of Lycium chinense MILL. caused by Eriophyes kuke KISHIDA. The activities of catalase and peroxidase were higher in the gall tissue, when compared to the healthy tissue, and were increased as tile gall developed. The activity of phosphorylase of the healthy tissue seemed to be higher than that of the large gall l tissue, considering the competitive inhibition of phosphomonoeoterase and $\beta-amylase$, The activities of invertase and $\beta-amylase$ were about two times higher in the large sail tissue than those of the healthy tissue. The content of the crude protein was $20\%$ higher in the small gall tissue than that of the healthy leave tissue, and decreased as the gall matured. On the other hand, the reducing sugar level was less in the small gall tissue than that of the healthy leaves, but as the gall grew, the content of reducing sugar of the gall tissue was increased. The contents of phosphorus and tannin were increased gradually as the gall matured, and their content showed about two times higher than those of the healthy. The matured gall tissue showed higher $QO_2$ than the healthy tissue. On the other hand, the matured gall tissue presented lower $QCO_2$ than the healthy tissue, and the RQ of the healthy tissue was higher than that of the gall tissue.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 1992

The effect of benzyladenine (BA) on lipid peroxidation and compositions of total insoluble proteins and chloroplast thylakoid protein from wheat primary leaves during senescence in the dark was studied. BA ($10^{-5}\;M$) treatment prevented conspicuously the loss of chlorophyll content and soluble and insoluble leaf protein contents in senescing wheat leaf segments during 4-day dark incubation. Under the BA treatment, especially, the level of insoluble protein was highly maintained than that of soluble protein. Also, the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA: the peroxidation product of membrane lipids) content was inhibited in the BA treated leaves. Three major polypeptide bands in quantity corresponding to 57, 26 and 12 KD molecular weight were clearly resolved with other minor bands by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in the insoluble protein fraction. The insoluble protein profiles of the control leaves showed a remarkable decrease in the intensity of the 57 and 12 KD band except for 26 KD band in the 72 h dark incubation. This loss during dark incubation was reduced by BA treatment. More than 20 polypeptides were resolved in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane fraction with the most prominent bands which are 59 and 57 KD ($\alpha\;and\;\beta$ subunit of coupling factor: CF) and 26 KD (apoprotein of LHCP). The changes in thylakoid protein profile during 72 h dark incubation showed the rapid degradation in control, but this degradation was prevented in quantity by BA treatment. The above results suggested that BA would inhibit the peroxidation of membrane lipids, thereby preventing the loss of membrane proteins which led to the maintenance of the membrane integrity including chloroplast thylakoid.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.299-306
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• 2009

In nitrogen-limited conditions, rhizobia lead to formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. The process of nodulation is autoregulated by pre-existing nodules in the same root system. The altered profile of sap proteins by inoculation with B. japonicum may indicate presence of a signal responsible for autoregulation transferred through stem. The 20 kDa protein enhanced by innoculation significantly decreased in intensity from 2.5 to 7 days after inoculation (DAI). However 6 kDa protein did increase during such a transition period. Western blot analysis showed that both 20 kDa and 6 kDa were cross-reacted with the SKTI antiserum. This suggests that SKTI may be involved in soybean nodulation by specific induction and degradation in stem sap during early stage of nodulation. RNAi technique and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation were applied to investigate the function of SKTI in nodulation. We have found that the number of rhizobium-induced nodule was much less in SKTIi-silenced hairy roots than the non-silenced. Indeed the quantitative RT-PCR showed that the expression level of SKTI gene was reduced over 40% in the transgenic hairy roots compared to the non-transgenic. It appears that the observed early induction of SKTI and degradation into small peptide in a specific time manner may be involved in autoregulation of nodulation in soybean and the specific mechanism of such regulation remains to be investigated.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.53-64
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• 2013

Folksonomies have potential problems caused by synonyms, tagging level, neologisms and so forth when retrieving music by tags. These problems can be tackled by introducing the mood intensity (Arousal and Valence value) of music as its internal tag. That is, if moods of music pieces and their mood tags are all represented internally by numeric values, A (Arousal) value and V (Valence) value, and they are retrieved by these values, then music pieces having similar mood with the mood tag of a query can be retrieved based on the similarity of their AV values though their tags are not exactly matched with the query. As a prerequisite study, in this paper, we propose the mapping table defining the relation between AV values and folksonomy tags. For analysis of the association between AV values and tags, ANOVA tests are performed on the test data collected from the well known music retrieval site last.fm. The results show that the P values for A values and V values are 0.0, which means the null hypotheses could be rejected and the alternative hypotheses could be adopted. Consequently, it is verified that the distribution of AV values depends on folksonomy tags.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.102-102
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• 2002

Heparin-bindin epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) is one of the EGF family to be expressed at the time of implantation in the mouse uterus. Although HB-EGF has been shown to stimulate the development of embryo and uterus in the mouse, its correlation between cell adhesion molecules remains undefined. Integrin $\alpha$$_{ν}$$\beta$$_3$, one of the cell adhesion molecules, is an important mediator of cell-substratum and cell-cell adhesion in implantation. In the present studies, we investigated the effects of HB-EGF on the embryonic development, initiation of implantation and expression of integrin $\alpha$$_{ν}$$\beta$$_3$ in in vitro culture, blocking of HB-EGF, RT-PCR and immunofluores cence analysis. The results showed that HB-EGF significantly improved the developmental rate of hatched embryos (24.1%, p<0.01) and outgrowth embryos (42.5%, p<0.01). On the other hand, this growth factor showed no offset before the hatching embryonic stage. Analysis of RT-PCR showed that HB-EGF upregulated the expression level of integrina $\alpha$$_{ν}$$\beta$$_3$ subunit genes on the preimplantation embryo and outgrowth of blastocyst (120hr and 144hr after hCG injection). Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the integrin $\alpha$$_{ν}$$\beta$$_3$ subunits localized at the pericellular borders and cell-cell contact areas. Increase in fluorescence intensity was observed in the HB-EGF treated embryos. Intrauterine injection of an anti-HB-EGF antiserum at day 3 significantly decreased the number of implantation sites (14.4, p<0.01) and significantly increased the number of recovered embryos(6.4, p<0.05) at day 5. From these results, it imply that HB-EGF improve the embryo development and accelerated the expression of integrin $\alpha$$_{ν}$$\beta$$_3$ in the preimplantation mouse embryos.