• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.33-53
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• 2021

The import content of exports (ICE) is defined as the amount of foreign input embodied in one unit of export, and it has been used as a measure of the degree of integration into the global production network. In this paper, we suggest an alternative measure based on the decomposition of gross output and imports into the contributions of final demand terms. This measure considers the manner in which a country manages its domestic production base (gross output) and utilizes the foreign sector (imports) simultaneously and can thus be regarded as a more comprehensive measure than ICE. Korea's input-output tables in 1970-2018 are used in this paper. These tables were rearranged according to the same 26-industry classification so that these measures can be computed with time-series continuity and so that the results can be interpreted clearly. The results obtained in this paper are based on extended time-series data and are expected to be reliable and robust. The suggested indicators were applied to these tables, and, based on the results we conclude that the overall importance of the global economy in Korea's economic strategy has risen and that the degree of Korea's integration into the global production network increased over the entire period. This paper also shows that ICE incorrectly measures the movement of the degree of integration into the global production network in some periods.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.186-198
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• 2021

The introduction of digital technologies affects most socio-economic processes and activities in the economy, from agriculture to public services. Even though the world is currently only in the early stages of digital transformation, the digital economy is growing rapidly, especially in developing countries. Shortly, digital platforms will be able to replace the "invisible hand" of the market and turn it into digital. Some digital platforms have already reached global reach in some sectors of the economy. The growing value of data and artificial intelligence is reflected in the high capitalization of these enterprises. Their growing role has far-reaching consequences for the organization of economic activity and integration into the field of e-business. However, their importance and level of development in different countries differ significantly. The main purpose of this article is an assessment of the level and trends of the digital economy in the world and the identification of homogeneous groups of states following the main trends in the development of its components from among the EU countries. The methodology of the conducted research is based on the use of general scientific research methods in the analysis of secondary sources and the application of statistical methods of correlation-regression and cluster analysis. Macroeconomic indicators and components of DESI (Digital Economy and Society Index) were used for the analysis. Results. Based on the analysis established that most developed countries have a medium level of digitalization of the business environment and a high level of digitalization of socially oriented public services, while countries with lower GDP focus their policies on building digital infrastructure and training qualified personnel. The study summarizes and analyzes current trends in digital technology, analyzes the level and dynamics of integration of digital technologies of the studied EU countries, the level of development of e-business and e-commerce. The conceptualization of mechanisms of creation of added value in the digital economy is offered and the possible consequences of digitalization of the economy of developing countries are generalized.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.61
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• pp.327-358
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• 2014

During the past decade after entering the World Trade Organization (WTO), China has quickened its integration into the global economy while its foreign trade has been further invigorated. On the 10th anniversary of China's accession to the WTO, the Chinese government issues White Paper to give a comprehensive introduction to China's foreign trade development. Through this paper, the Chinese government introduces I. Historic Progress in China's Foreign Trade II. Reform of and Improvements to China's Foreign Trade System III. The Development of China's Foreign Trade Contributes to the World Economy IV. Promoting Basically Balanced Growth of Foreign Trade V. Constructing All-round Economic and Trade Partnerships with Mutually Beneficial Cooperation VI. Realizing Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade. At present, the underlying impact of the international financial crisis, the protracted, arduous and complicated nature of the world economic recovery is manifesting itself, and the global economic structure and trade layout face in-depth readjustment. China will make new adjustments to its foreign trade, in an effort to turn foreign trade from scale expansion to quality and profit improvement, and from mainly relying on its low-cost advantage to enhancing its comprehensive competitive edge, thereby turning China from a big trading country to a strong trading power. China's foreign trade is still hampered by many uncertainties and is bound to meet new difficulties and challenges. During the 12th Five-year Plan period China will open itself wider to the outside world as a driver for further reform, development and innovation, make full use of its advantages, strengthen international cooperation in all respects. And at the same time China integrate itself into the world economy on a wider scale and at a higher level. China is willing to work with its trading partners to cope with the various challenges facing the world economy and trade, and promote its foreign trade to realize a more balanced, coordinated and sustainable development, and share prosperity and mutually beneficial results with its trading partners.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.373-394
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• 2020

The strengthening of multilateral international sanctions against North Korea has raised questions as to how effective they are in exerting pressure on the country's economy. In this paper, we address this question by examining their impact on the country's integration into regional and global apparel production networks. North Korea has in the past decade become an increasingly competitive exporter of apparel on the basis of consignment-based processing arrangements. Official trade data shows a sharp drop in North Korean exports of clothing since the sectoral ban in 2017. There is evidence to suggest, however, that exports have continued on a more informal and clandestine basis. North Korea's integration into apparel production networks has also taken the form of the dispatch of workers to factories in China's northeastern border regions. Yet there is evidence that the recent sanctions imposed on such practices has similarly led to illicit practices such as working on visitors' visas, often with the help of Chinese enterprises and local government. The resilience of North Korea's integration into apparel production networks follows a capitalist logic and is result of the highly profitable nature of apparel production for all actors concerned and a correspondingly strong desire to evade sanctions. As such, the analysis contributes to the literature on sanctions that suggests that the measures may contribute to emergence of growing informal and illicit practices and to the role of the clandestine economy.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-137
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• 2001

The establishment of the WTO system means that the global age of trade has officially arrived. Since the integration of the world economy brings about the free movement of goods and services between nations, it is inevitable that sea-bound freight will continue to increase. A recent World Bank report says that China and Korea will be the first and seventh largest economic Powers, respectively, by the year 2020. In particular, the Korea peninsula has a geo-political advantage in being developed as a major Northeast Asian container center. Moreover China's swift uprising needs new order of trade for economy belt in Northeast Asia. Therefore, it can be said that Kunsan Port. which has already been designated as a free trade zone, has greater potential to rise as a regional beach-head port and main region for foreign investment. As such. Kunsan Port will play a major role in accelerating the emergence of the West Sea in international trade. There are several strategies for developing Kunsan Port into a central container port: 1) develop Kunsan port Into an import/export front base f3r multinational corporations, 2) develop Kunsan container port into the core composite container-linked central port, 3) attract foreign investment to the Kunsan Free Trade Area so as to promote balanced development among the regions of Korea, 4) support the central government and local governments to accelerate the coming of the "West Sea Era." These recommendations call for urgent implementation.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.271-292
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• 2009

Opening and regional economic integration are characteristic of global economic trends that have been made since the 1990s. Accordingly, all economic blocs of the world are largely reorganized into three poles, European Economic Bloc, American Economic Bloc and Northeast Asian Economic Block which are respectively led by EU, the United States and the rapidly emerging economic power, China. Considering this direction of global economy, the current status of Northeast Asia, China's unprecedentedly enormous port development project and Japan's introduction of an epoch-making port policy towards the restoration of its port competitiveness, Korea is urgently need to take its own initiatives and positive actions that can cope with the above situations. The purpose of this study is to propose ways of strategic cooperation for Korea-Japan joint development. For the purpose, this researcher provides the concept and preconditions of hub-port, investigates hub-port development strategies of rival companies in Northeast Asia and discusses the potential of the development of the Korea-Japan Strait Economic Zone which is located between Busan port and Japan's Honshu(Simonoseki port) and Kyushu(Kitakyushu port).

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.41-55
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• 2017

Industrial Revolution is a concept and a development that has fundamentally changed our society and economy. Industry 4.0 focuses on the end-to-end digitization of all physical assets and integration into digital ecosystems with value chain partners. At present, we find ourselves at the beginning of this fourth stage, which is characterized by so-called "Cyber-Physical Systems". These systems are a consequence of the far-reaching integration of production, sustainability and customer-satisfaction forming the basis of intelligent network systems and processes. If South Korea ran toward global ICT with the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, North Korea has adhered to a unique Juche science and technology. ICT in South Korea and North Korea seems very difficult to find common interests. However, as seen in the Internet and intranets, information and communication technology can find similarities in many areas than in general science and technology. There are many differences not only in the level of ICT and science and technology but also in the direction. And IT terminology and all technologies are also different. What are we preparing for the unification of North and South Korea? If we look at the science and technology sector at present, there seems to be no systematic preparation by the government. South Korea and North Korea need to be prepared for science and technology cooperation. First, it is necessary to understand the exact situation of North Korea's science and technology. In this study, we will perform research to establish mid and long term plans for revitalization of ICT cooperation between the two Koreas. In this study, we will determine the extent to which the two Koreas utilize ICT based on available ICT capabilities and technologies. To do this, we conducted research to measure and evaluate the ICT development index of North Korea using ICT international index.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.55-70
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• 2012

Busan port has played a part as the main trade gateway in Korea for several decades. However, due to the rapid integration of China into the global economy and the grand changes in global trade structures, the trade gateway system in Korea and the status of Busan port have been transformed. Busan port's role as a trade gateway toward Japan and U.S. has increased during last two decades but, in cases of China, its importance has relatively decreased. Moreover, Busan port's competitiveness has been undermined in the most part of commodity trade. These phenomena reflect the high competition among trade ports which tend to increase the effectiveness of supply chains. Based on the geographical research tradition which has understood a port as a nexus between hinterland and foreland, this study focuses the changes in characteristics of trade freights and the status as a gateway of Busan port. This approach will contribute to the understandings of dynamics in the comtemporary international logistics.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.102-112
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• 2018

This study, energy saving technology development is desperately needed and the energy efficiency through improved environmental impact by minimizing economic raw materials and subsidiary materials can lead to reductions in local Small Business at the heart of the new technology in the background, product design and development. That's about technology, strengthen and broaden the design patent right infringement of its competitors by gaining a global corporate foundation of development research. In order for companies to develop diagnostic analysis and key technology analysis and evaluation of progress on the scope of rights through the development of new technologies to diagnose and design rights and the extent and design rights infringement and design development since the company's growth analysis. Integration of the design development and the core technologies of the company will be the core of national industrial competitiveness of small businesses and by securing and creating the knowledge-based rights, fusion link that can grow into compatibility business is much more need in a difficult economy.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.327-331
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• 2022

The article aims at studying the institution of human rights in an ever-evolving world in the context of the interdisciplinary approach. The main scientific method was deduction that allowed examining the specific interdisciplinary approach in relation to the institution of human rights on the global scale. To solve the issue set, it is necessary to study legal foundations and features of the interdisciplinary approach to the institution of human rights in the modern world. The article proves there is no theoretical anthropological understanding of the institution of human rights. It has been concluded that the appeal to anthropological jurisprudence requires the identification of the initial theoretical and methodological principles, parameters and axioms of cognition, the integration of a person into the subject field of legal science, linking jurisprudence with the chosen external environment (philosophy, sociology, theology, etc.), predetermining the existence (understanding) of a person, causing qualitative differences and the structure of subject-methodological phenomena. In addition to the identification of such hypotheses, prerequisites and axioms, the basic method (principle) of cognition and its heuristic potential are also being searched (defined). The terminological designation of the formed subject-methodological phenomenon (legal anthropology, anthropology of law, anthropological approach, etc.) reveals its role in the system of interdisciplinary relations of legal science.