• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 2014

Plenty of efforts have been made in the traditional architecture of Korea, Hanok, to develop various elements such as restoration, the introduction of new design, and energy-saving while systemic setups on standard and evaluation of eco-friendly energy design of Hanok are lacking. If we evaluate energy performance based on current standards without reflecting unique features of Hanok on the system, Hanok will be included in the very low grade among the residential buildings being included in the approval system of eco-friendly architecture or the unique features will be modified and the burden of increased construction cost. Therefore, this study is to prepare the basic reference for the introductory evaluation system by evaluating the energy performance level of NEO-Hanok based on the current building energy rating system. The result for NEO-Hanok based on the building energy rating system, we propose the rating standard with scorecard elements of NEO-Hanok by considering the necessity of identity and standard for NEO-Hanok. As a result of infiltration test to check the tightness, it was measured as 10.81 times/h (50 ACH). As we switch from the main insulation for the wall from the glass wool 64k(0.035W/mk) to rigid polyurethane foam first class first unit (0.024W/mk), the result was slightly increased from the first demand quantity rating yield $249.8kWh/m^2{\cdot}yr$ to $235.0kWh/m^2{\cdot}yr$. Current certificate system is focused more on the heating load than the cooling load, it is disadvantageous for Hanok, which has less cooling energy consumption in summer. The rating result from the target building study is level 4.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.203-209
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• 2004

Construction work noise has caused much annoyance for a number of dwellers nearby construction field and has become a very serious issue in our living environment. Therefore, practical solutions for reducing construction work noise are highly required in construction field. Practical solutions for the construction work noise, however, are very difficult because of the poorness of basic data and research. Especially, in order to establish a sound insulation plan about pilings work noise that has highly sound pressure level and impactive, it is necessary to investigate the characteristics of construction noise such as pilings work noise, mechanical operating noise, etc. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to get the basic data about construction noise by SDA(Separated Doughnut Auger) method. And in this study, we attempt to survey the characteristics of attenuation and propagation of construction equipment noise and to estimate the power level in pilings work, using SDA method.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.262-264
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• 2002

This paper shows the design standard of KEPCO on the contamination design for 345 kV and 154 kV transmission tower. Up to now, because the design standard of KEPCO on the insulation design contains 154 kV transmission system only, we had investigated the 343 kV system for the revision of design standard, with respect to the contamination design, we have used the same design philosophy which were adopted to the 765 kV transmission tower. In order to determine the number of insulator discs, we had investigated the withstand voltage of discs according to the level of ESDD(Equivalent Salt Deposit Density) and kinds of disc types. The TOV(Power Frequency Temporary Overvoltage) were estimated by EMTP(Electromagnetic Transient Program) for both 154 kV and 345 kV transmission system. The overvoltage level was appeared 1.35 p.u. between phase to ground for both 154 kV and 345 kV transmission system, but finally this factor was not applied to the design standard considering current design standard and economic point of view. With regard to classification of contamination area of 345 kV transmission system, we added the clean area which was not specified in the current design practise.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.29 no.6 s.107
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• pp.521-530
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• 2004

The solar powered water pump is very ideal equipment because solar power is more intensive when the water is more needed in summer and it is very helpful in the rural area, in which electrical power is not available. The average solar radiation power is $3.488\;kWh/(m^2{\cdot}day)$ in Korea. In this study, the experimental system of the water pump driven by the radiation energy were designed, assembled, tested and analyzed fur realizing the solar powered water pump. Energy conversion ken radiation energy to mechanical energy by using n-pentane as operating material was done and the water pumping cycles were able to be continued. The quantity of the water pumped per cycle ranged from 2 L to 10 L depending on the level of the valve open area far the vapour supply. The average quantity was about 4,366 cc. The thermal efficiency was about $0.018\%$. The pressure level of the n-pentane vapour in flash tank was about $110\~150\;kPa$ and that in the water tank was $93\~130\;kPa$. The pressure in the condenser during cycles was maintained as about 70 kPa. The condensation of the n-pentane vapour in the water tank was increased with the cycles even though the internal and external insulation were done. Air tank performance was better with increasing of the water piston displacement and the water could be pumped with the water piston displacement becoming higher than 6,500 cc.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.261-271
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• 2013

This study aimed to identify professional climbers'demand for movement functionality in pants worn for rock climbing and ice climbing. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 professional climbers using a semi-constructed questionnaire. The respondents were instructor-level experts whose climbing ability ranged from 5.9 to 5.14 on the Yosemite Decimal System rating scale. The research findings were as follows. Experts wore different climbing pants depending on the type of climbing. For example, they mostly wore high-stretch, second layer pants for rock climbing, while layering first layer, second layer, and third layer pants for ice climbing. There were gender differences regarding the parts of the body in which climbers reported the most discomfort when wearing climbing pants; male climbers most commonly responded 'knees', 'inner thighs' and 'hips' while their female counterparts most commonly responded 'inner thighs', 'exposed back and waist' and 'hips' in that order. Differences were found between rock climbing and ice climbing in terms of wear and tear on pants, preferred fabric properties, and length of pants. Wear and tear was found mainly on the hips and knees of rock climbing pants and on the inner lower hem of ice climbing pants. Listed in the order of preference, the most preferred fabric properties were elasticity, light weight, and durability for rock climbing pants and elasticity, insulation, and protection against water and wind for ice climbing pants. Regarding the length of rock climbing pants, respondents preferred ankle-length pants and cropped pants that did not cover the feet. For ice climbing pants, respondents favored heel-length pants that prevented pieces of ice from entering the clothing. Men showed a high level of preference for ergonomically cut climbing pants. Respondents said the waistband on climbing pants should be simplified so as not to adversely affect climbing maneuvers.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.531-537
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to review physiological responses and subjective sensations in the cold environment when the subjects wore ensemble with different clo values. Seven healthy male subjects participated in this experiment. This experiment was conducted in a climatic chamber with $-10^sC$ and 50%RH. Subjects wore five different kinds of ensemble[C1 (4.453 clo), C2 (3.452 clo), C3 (2.865 clo), C4 (2.387 clo), and C5 (2.280 clo)]. The experiment was composed of 20 min of rest period, 20min of treadmill exercise(6 km/h) period, 30 min of recovery period. We monitored skin temperature on 7 sites, clothing microclimate and subjective sensations. The clo value had positive correlations with mean skin temperature and clothing microclimate. The subjects feel more warm and humid as the clo value goes up. The subjects reported comfort when they wore C1 and C2 ensemble having over 3 clo value. However, they felt less comfortable during the exercise period since there was high humidity. Skin temperature on the extremities were more dramatically changed by the exercise rather than clo value. Thus it seems that in the cold environment, heat balance can mostly be controlled by the choice of clothing, and the clothes with high clo values can provide higher insulation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that it would be more effective to control clo value depending on the activity level for maintaining comfort level in the cold environment.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.21-28
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• 2000

Various man-made mineral fibers(MMMF) including refractory ceramic fiber(RCF) have been used widely in industries as insulation materials. The effect of fibrous dust on human health depends on fiber size, concentration (exposure level), and durability in biological system. Therefore, these parameters should be determined to evaluate accurately the potential risk of fibers on human health. The purpose of this study was to characterize the size of airborne fiber and the workers＇ exposure to airborne fibers in refractory ceramic fiber manufacturing and processing factories. Airborne fibers were collected on 25-mm mixed cellulose ester membrane filters at personal breathing zones, and analyzed by A and B counting rules of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) Method # 7400. The average ratios of the fiber density by B rule to the fiber density by A rule was 0.84. This result indicates that the proportion of respirable fibers (<3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ diameter) in air samples was high. The average diameter and length of airborne fibers were 1.05${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and 35${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, respectively. The average fiber concentrations (GM) of all personal samples was 0.26f/cc, and the average concentration was highest at blanket cutting and packing processes. The fifty seven percent of personal air samples was exceeded the proposed American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value(TLV), i.e. 0.2 f/cc. It was concluded that the RCF industrial workers had the higher potential health risk due to small fiber diameter, long fiber length, and high exposure level to the airborne fibers.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.211-215
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• 2013

Partial discharge diagnosis techniques using ultra high frequencies do not affect load movement, because there is no interruption of power. Consequently, these techniques are popular among the prevention diagnosis methods. For the first time, this measurement technique has been applied to the GIS, and has been tested by applying an extra high voltage switchboard. This particular technique makes it easy to measure in the live state, and is not affected by the noise generated by analyzing the causes of faults ? thereby making risk analysis possible. It is reported that the analysis data and the evaluation of the risk level are improved, especially for poor location, and that the measurement of Ultra high frequency (UHF) partial discharge of the real live wire in industrial switchgear is spectacular. Partial discharge diagnosis techniques by using the Ultra High Frequency sensor have been recently highlighted, and it is verified by applying them to the GIS. This has become one of the new and various power equipment techniques. Diagnosis using a UHF sensor is easy to measure, and waveform analysis is already standardized, due to numerous past case experiments. This technique is currently active in research and development, and commercialization is becoming a reality. Another aspect of this technique is that it can determine the occurrences and types of partial discharge, by the application diagnosis for live wire of ultra high voltage switchgear. Measured data by using the UHF partial discharge techniques for ultra high voltage switchgear was obtained from 200 places in Gumi, Yeosu, Taiwan and China's semiconductor plants, and also the partial discharge signals at 15 other places were found. It was confirmed that the partial discharge signal was destroyed by improving the work of junction bolt tightening check, and the cable head reinforcement insulation at 8 places with a possibility for preventing the interruption of service. Also, it was confirmed that the UHF partial discharge measurement techniques are also a prevention diagnosis method in actual industrial sites. The measured field data and the usage of the research for risk assessment techniques of the live wire status of power equipment make a valuable database for future improvements.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2015

As people have more interest in environment-friendly structures recently, many researchers are actively researching non-sintered cement in Korea and other countries. Non-sintered cement shows various characteristics of its reaction products and hardeners, depending on the kind of alkali activators. Thus, this study manufactures ground granulated blast furnace slag based non-sintered cement binder by using circulating fluidized bed combustion ash, which is a kind of industrial byproduct, as a stimulant, and investigated its hardening characteristics and hydration, depending on the rate of circulating fluidized bed combustion ash. Besides, this study investigated its insulation property according to the weight lightening of non-sintered cement. As a result, ettringite and C-S-H were mainly formed in the hydration, and it was possible to manufacture a non-sintered cement hardener over 50 MPa. Lastly, it was possible to manufacture a non-sintered cement hardener in a thermal conductivity level of $0.127W/m{\cdot}K$ when the compressive strength was 10 MPa for weight lightening.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.92-101
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• 2016

Objectives: Outdoor workers are exposed to thermally stressful work environments. In this study, heat stress indices for harbor workers in summer were calculated to evaluate thermal comfort based on a human heat balance model. These indices are Physiological Subjective Temperature (PST), Dehydration Risk (DhR), and Overheating Risk (OhR) according to respective stage of cargo work in a harbor. In addition, we constructed a forecast system to provide heat stress information. Methods: Thermophysiological indices in this study were calculated using the MENEX model (i.e. the human heat balance model), which used as inputs the meteorological parameters, clothing insulation, and metabolic rate for each stage of cargo work in the harbor of Masan over the course of seven days, including a four-day heat wave. The forecast heat stress information constructed for Masan harbor was based on meteorological data supported by the Dong-Nae Forecast from the KMA (Korea Metrological Administration) and other input parameters. Results: According to higher metabolic rate, thermophysiological indices showed a critical level. In particular, PST was evaluated as reaching the 'Very hot' or 'Hot' level during all seven days, despite the heat occurring over only four. It is important in a regard to consider the work environment conditions (i.e. labor intensity and clothing in harbor). On a webpage, the forecast thermophysiological indices show as infographics to be easily understand. This webpage is comprised of indices for both current conditions and the forecast, with brief guidance. Conclusion: Thermophysiological indices show the risk level to health during a heat wave period. Heat stress information could help to protect the health of harbor workers. Further, this study could extend the applicability of these indices to a variety of outdoor workers in consideration of work environments.