• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 제어로봇시스템학회 1990년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국제학술편); KOEX, Seoul; 26-27 Oct. 1990
• /
• pp.1037-1042
• /
• 1990

The air-fuel ratio of an internal combustion engine must be controlled with accuracy for the improvements of exhaust emission and fuel consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the exact instantaneous amounts of fuel and suction air, so we carried out the experiments for measuring the air flow velocity in a suction pipe of an internal combustion engine using three types of instantaneous air flowmeter. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: (1) The laminar-flow type flowmeter is able to measure both the average and the instantaneous flow rate, but it is necessary to rectify the pulsating air flow in the suction pipe. (2) The a spark-discharge type flow velocity meter is able to measure the instantaneous air velocity, but it is necessary to choose the suitable electrode form and the spark character. (3) The tandem-type hot-wire flow velocity meter indicates the instantaneous flow velocity and its flow direction.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.73-84
• /
• 2006

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) are characterized by being relatively heavier and denser than that of ambient air due to the various reasons such as higher molecular weight, low temperature and other complicated chemical transformations (Witlox, 1994). In an effort to investigate transport and diffusion from instantaneous emission of heavy gas, Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model (LPDM) coupled with the RAMS output was employed. Both deposition process and buoyancy term were added on the atmospheric diffusion equations of LPDM, and the locations and concentrations of dense gas particle released from instantaneous single point source (emitting initially for 10 minutes only) were analyzed. The result overall shows that adding deposition process and buoyancy terms on the diffusion equation of LPDM has very small but detectable effect on the vertical and horizontal distribution of Lagrangian particles that especially transported for a fairly long traveling time. Also the slumping of dense gas can be found to be ignored horizontally compared to the advection by the horizontal wind suggesting that it was essential to couple the Lagrangian particle dispersion model coupled with the RAMS model in order to explain the dispersion of HAPs more accurately. However, during the initial time of instantaneous emission, buoyancy term play an important role on the vertical locations of dense particles for near surface atmosphere and around source area, indicating the importance of densities of HAPs in the beginning stage or short duration for the risk assessment of HAPs or management of heavy vapors during the explosive accidents.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
• /
• 제24권12호
• /
• pp.78-83
• /
• 2010

The domestic 30AFs that are currently being produced show many problems due to different instantaneous trip characteristics in case of short-circuit. The troubles may cause explosion by excessive short-circuit capacities and arc emission, which results in a wide range of blackout. The function and safety of the low voltage circuit breakers installed before the end load are very important. This paper presents an idea on the safety improvement of the low voltage circuit-breakers through the analysis of instantaneous trip characteristics of domestic 30AF circuit-breakers.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제27권10호
• /
• pp.1651-1654
• /
• 2006

Field emission (FE) currents were measured for silver-pasted and glass-pasted single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) after illuminating the tubes with a pulsed 532 nm laser. A very low turn-on field of approximately 0.4 V/m m and a high current density ~1700 $\mu A/cm^2$ at 3.5 V/m m was obtained for the silver-pasted SWNTs after laser irradiation but on the whole, no improvements were found for the glass-pasted SWNTs. Two roles of laser irradiation for the silver-pasted SWNTs were proposed. First, the embedded SWNTs and SWNT bundles inside the silver paste were immerged on the outer surface due to an instantaneous melting or annealing of the silver metals by the laser resulting in an increase of the field emission sites. Second, the laser irradiation was thought to improve the electrical contact between SWNTs and the silver metal by reducing the contact resistance via laser-induced thermal annealing, which was responsible for increasing the FE currents.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.173-184
• /
• 2019

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the true fracture energy and monitor the damage progression in steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) specimens using acoustic emission (AE) features. Four point bending test is carried out using pre-notched plain and fibre reinforced (0.5% and 1% volume fraction) - concrete under monotonic loading. AE sensors are affixed at different locations of the specimens and AE parameters such as rise time, AE energy, hits, counts, amplitude and duration etc. are obtained. Using the captured and processed AE event data, fracture process zone is identified and the true fracture energy is evaluated. The AE data is also employed for tracing the damage progression in plain and fibre reinforced concrete, using both parametric- and signal- based techniques. Hilbert - Huang transform (HHT) is used in signal based processing for evaluating instantaneous frequency of the acoustic events. It is found that the appropriately processed and carefully analyzed acoustic data is capable of providing vital information on progression of damage on different types of concrete.

• 대한기계학회논문집
• /
• 제1권4호
• /
• pp.171-181
• /
• 1977

This paper is aiming at calculating NOx concentration, which is one of the harmhul components of emission from the gasoline engine, formed in the combustor through the presess of combustion. Instantaneous temperature and concentration of each components for each division can be determined by the solution of simulatneous equation of reaction equation and equation of energy conservation, inputting the estimated temperature with a considerably wide rage of temperature. After determining instantaneous temperature and instantanous concentration of each components, the nonequilibrium calculation is performed based on the reaction kinetics in order to determine NOx concentration. To summarize the result abtained from the above method ;through the passage of NO concentration, NO concentration is the highest in the first division and it is gradually decreasing through the following divisions In the final division, NO concentation is the lowest.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.120-125
• /
• 2007

1997년 지구온난화 문제를 해결하기 위해 교토 기후협약이 체결되었고, 우리나라도 2013년부터 기후협약 규제가 거의 확실시 되고 있다. 우리나라 온실가스 배출량은 연간 약6억 톤이며, 그 중 CO2가 5억 톤이다. 특히 화석연료의 연소로 대부분의 전력을 생산하는 발전 산업은 우리나라 CO2 배출량의 20[%] 이상을 차지하고 있다. 따라서 발전소의 전력생산에 따른 화석연료의 소모량과 이에 따른 CO2 배출량을 monitoring하는 것이 매우 중요해졌다. 본 논문은 발전소의 성능시험 결과 얻어지는 입출력 특성계수와 IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)의 온실가스 추계 방법론을 이용하여 순시 발전출력에 따른 CO2 대기배출량을 계산하는 방법을 제시하였다. 4모선 모형계통의 시뮬레이션을 통하여 전력계통의 조류계산과 발전소별 CO2 배출량을 연립 연산하는 예를 도시하였다.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.837-842
• /
• 2004

The positions of rotating sound sources have been localized by experiments with the Doppler effects removed. In order to do-Dopplerize the sound signals emitted from moving sources, two kinds of signal reconstruction methods were applied. One is the forward propagation method and the other is the backward propagation method. Forward propagation method analyze the source emission time based on the instantaneous distance between sensors and the assumed source position, then the signals are reconstructed with respect to the emission time. On the other hand, the backward method uses time delay to do-Dopplerize the acquired data for the received time of reference. In both techniques, the reconstructed signal data were processed using beamforming algorithm to produce power distributions at the frequency of interest. Experiments have been carried out for varying frequencies, rotating speeds and the object distances. Forward propagation method has shown better performance in locating source position than the backward propagation method.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제42권5호
• /
• pp.494-502
• /
• 2009

A quantitative model was developed in order to estimate fishery production damage due to anthropogenically induced environmental changes. The model is described in the following equation, $Y_D=\frac{{\phi}_D}{{\phi}_G}[Y_0{\cdot}(t_p-t_0)-\frac{Y_0}{{\phi}_G}(1-e^{-{\phi}_G(t_p-t_0)})]$, where, $Y_D$ is annual amount of fishery production by nuclear power plant. ${\varphi}$ D and ${\varphi}$ G are instantaneous decreasing coefficient of fishery production by nuclear power plant and instantaneous decreasing coefficient of gross fishery production, respectively. $Y_0$ is annual mean fishery production without damages. $t_p$ is the present time, and $t_0$ is the starting time of damages. The model was applied to fishing grounds near a nuclear power plant on the east coast of Korea. Since fishery production damages have become bigger with increasing emission of thermal effluents from generators activities in the power plant, this factor has also been considered as, $\delta_{D_i}=\delta_D\({\sum}\limits_{i=0}^{n}\;W_i/W_T\)$, where, $\delta_{Di}$ is the cumulative damage rate in fishery production from generators, $\delta_D$ is the total cumulative damage rate in fishery production, $W_i$ is the emission amount of thermal effluents by generator i, and n is the number of generators in the nuclear power plant. This model can be used to conduct initial estimates of fishery production damages, before more detailed assessments are undertaken.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.67-79
• /
• 2015

Acoustic emission analysis is an effective technique for monitoring the evolution of damage in a structure. An experimental analysis on a set of reinforced concrete beams under flexural loading was carried out. A mixed AE analysis method which used both parameter-based and signal-based techniques was presented to characterize and identify different failure mechanisms of damage, where the signal-based analysis was performed by using the Hilbert-Huang transform. The maximum instantaneous energy of typical damage events and the corresponding frequency characteristics were established, which provided a quantitative assessment of reinforced concrete beam using AE technique. In the bending tests, a "pitch-catch" system was mounted on a steel bar to assess bonding state of the steel bar in concrete. To better understand the AE behavior of bond-slip damage between steel bar and concrete, a special bond-slip test called pullout test was also performed. The results provided the basis of quantitative AE to identify both failure mechanisms and level of damages of civil engineering structures.