• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.34-46
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• 2016

This study analyzes inspection results of ships by Port State Control. Particularly, this research focuses on a detention trend of vessels that registered to Korean Register of Shipping. In order to conduct this research, we have searched 170 ships that got a detention with a Code-30 within recent 46 months period. The deficiencies of the detentions are inspected by ship types, ship years, flags, ports inspected, and criteria. Moreover, we categorized the deficiencies for the detentions into 17 types for internal and external inspections. As the results of the comparison study, bulk and general cargo carriers dominate the portion of detentions by almost 66 percent. Self-induced detention due to a lack of preparation by crews and company support are the main reasons of repeated detentions from the same type ships. Ships between six and ten years old show the lowest detention rate by 4 percent whereas ships less than five years old generate the highest detention rate by 22 percent. The main categories of the detentions from ships less than 5 years old are a lack of documentation and certification, and the clues support our opinion that owners and crews may neglect to prepare the inspections because their strong confidence for the ship condition due to young ship age. As a result of a great effort of Korean government and shipping companies to reduce a detention rate, the detention rate has been recently reduced to 0.3 percent. The results also require companies with the flag of convenience ships to spend more effort to reduce the detention rate, too. We expect that using social networking service by Korea Register will lower the detention rate by sharing relevant information real-time to ships and owners.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2017

Background: We assessed the cancer risks of four different Finnish asbestos-exposed cohorts. We also explored if the cohorts with varying profiles of asbestos exposure exhibited varying relative risks of cancer. Methods: The incident cancer cases for the asbestos-exposed worker cohorts were updated to the end of 2012 using the files of the Finnish Cancer Registry. The previously formed cohorts consisted of asbestos mine workers, asbestosis patients, asbestos sprayers, and workers who had taken part in a screening study based on asbestos exposure at work. Results: The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for mesothelioma varied from about threefold to > 100-fold in the different cohorts. In the screening cohort the SIR for mesothelioma was highest in 2003-2007, In other cohorts it was more constant in 5-year period inspection. The SIR for lung cancer was about twofold to tenfold in all except the screening cohort. Asbestos sprayers were at the highest risk of mesothelioma and lung cancer. Conclusion: The SIR for mesothelioma is high in all of the cohorts that represent different kinds of asbestos exposure. The smaller SIR for mesothelioma in the screening cohort with lowest level of asbestos exposure might suggest dose-responsiveness between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma. It does seem that the highest risk of lung cancer in these cohorts except in the youngest of the cohorts, the screening cohort, is over. The highest SIR for lung cancer of the asbestosis patient and sprayers cohort is explained by their heavy asbestos exposure.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2001

포장유지관리시스템에 있어서 포장표면 정보는 가장 중요한 인자 중의 하나이다. 따라서 일찍부터 선진국들은 자국의 현실에 알맞은 포장표면 조사장비와 프로그램을 개발하여 사용하고 있다. 국내의 경우 고가의 외국장비와 프로그램을 수입하여 사용하고 있으나 많은 문제점으로 인해 국산 장비와 포장표면 분석 프로그램 개발의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구는 아스팔트 포장표면 분석 프로그램 개발을 위한 선행연구이다. 본 연구의 초점은 이미지프로세싱 기술을 이용한 포장표면 분석 원리를 규명하고 포장이미지의 특성 및 포장이미지의 노이즈를 효과적으로 제거하기 위한 알고리즘을 실험하는 것이다. ARAN(Automatic Road Analyser)의 균열맵을 분석 샘플로 이용하였으며, 포장이미지의 통계적인 특성, 히스토그램, FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)영상을 분석하여 일반적인 이미지에 비해 노이즈와 고주파 성분이 많고, 배경과 균열 분리가 어려운 특성을 규명하였다. 또한 노이즈 제거를 위해 다양한 필터를 적용하여 실험한 결과 마스크 크기가 3X3인 중간값 필터가 가장 효과가 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.280-287
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• 2009

High-tech microelectronics industry is known as one of the most chemical-intensive industries. In Korea, Microelectronics industry occupied 38% of export and 16% of working employees work in microelectronics industry. But, chemical information and health hazards of high-tech microelectronics manufacturing are poorly understood because of rapid development and its penchant for secrecy. We need to investigate on chemical use and exposure control. We Site-visits to 6 high-tech microelectronics manufacturing company which have cleanroom work using over 1,000kg organic solvents (5 semi-conductor chips and its related parts company, 1 liquid crystal display (LCD)). We reviewed their data on chemical use and ventilation system, and measured TVOCs (Total Volatile Organic Compounds) and carbon dioxide concentration. All cleanroom air passed through hepa filters to acheive low particle levels and only 1 cleanroom uses carbon filters to minimize the organic solvents exposures In TVOC screening test, Cleanroom for semi-conductor chips and its related parts company with laminar down flow system (e.g. class 1~100) showed nondetectable level of TVOCs concentration, but Cleanroom for liquid crystal display (LCD) with conventional flow system (e.g. class 1,000~10,000) showed 327 ppm as TVOCs. Acetone concentration in cleanroom for Jig cleaning, LC Injection, Sealing processes were 18.488ppm (n=14), 49.762 ppm (n=15), 8.656 ppm (n=14) as arithmetric mean. Acetone concentration in cleanroom for LCD inspection process was 40ppm (n=55) as geometric mean, where the range was 7.8~128.7ppm and weakly correlated with ventilation rate efficiency(r=0.44, p<0.05). To control organic solvents in cleanrooms, chemical and carbon filters should be installed with hepa filters. Even though their volatile organic compounds concentration was not exceed to occupational exposure limits, considering of entrance limited cleanroom environment, long-term period exposure effects and adverse health effects of cleanroom worker need further reseach.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to estimate the shelf life of butter and cheese products, with shelf life being a guide used to determine the storage period of food before deterioration. Butter and cheese samples stored at $10^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$ had a shelf life of 221 d, while those stored at $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ had a shelf life of 109 d. Quality changes, including total cell count, coliform counts, Listeria monocytogenes counts, acid value, moisture content, pH, acidity and overall sensory evaluation, were monitored. In order to pass the overall sensory evaluation, a quality score of 5 points on a 9-point scale was required. For other quality criteria, legal quality limits were established based on the "Process Criteria and Ingredient Standard of Livestock Products" by the Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency (Republic of Korea). The nonlegal quality limit was estimated by regression analysis between non-quality criteria (y) and overall sensory evaluation (x). The shelf life was estimated based on the number of days that the product passed the quality limit of the quality criteria. The shelf life of samples stored at $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ was 21.94, 17.18, 6.10 and 0.58 mon, respectively, for butter and 10.81, 9.47, 4.64 and 0.20 mon, respectively, for cheese.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1273-1279
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• 2010

가압중수로 연료관은 CSA N 285.4 기술기준에 따라 주기적인 가동중검사가 수행되고 있다. 가동중검사시 발견된 결함이 CSA N 285.4 의 허용기준을 초과하는 경우, 결함 연료관의 계속 운전을 위해 가동적합성 평가를 허용하고 있다. 캐나다 COG(CANDU Owner's Group)를 중심으로 중수로 연료관의 결함 건전성 평가 기술기준인 CSA N285.8 이 개발되었다. 본 논문에서는 CSA N285.8 을 기반으로 연료관의 건전성 평가시스템 WIES(Wolsong In-service Evaluation System)를 개발 하였다. 중수로 연료관의 가동중검사시 결함이 발견되는 경우, 개발된 시스템은 신속하고 정확한 건전성 평가를 수행하여 계획예방 정비기간의 연장을 방지하여 원전 이용률 향상에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.455-461
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• 2016

대형구조물이나 고층 건물에 승강기는 필요적임에도 불구하고 승강기 사고가 꾸준히 보고되고 있다. 이러한 승강기 사고가 사소하면 재난안전본부에서 처리되고 있으나 중대한 사고가 아닐 경우 안전공단에 보고되지 않아 누적되지 않고 있다. 또한 승강기의 부품교체나 수리시에는 이용자가 비용을 부담하는 유지관리항목에 포함되는 것인지 아니면 소유자가 비용을 부담하는 장기수선대상항목에 포함되는 것인지와 관련하여 갈등요인이 되고 있다. 그러나 승강기 사고 수는 줄어들지 않고 있고, 승강기 보수비용과 관련한 갈등은 점점 심각해지고 있다. 그러므로 승강기의 사고나 고장을 감소시키고 승강기의 운행중단을 줄이며 승강기 소유자와 사용자간의 갈등을 줄일 필요가 있다.따라서 본 연구에서는 승강기 하자보수책임기간중에 하자보수처리절차, 승강기의 고장이나 사고가 발생시 통지절차, 승강기 유지관리계약서 작성방향, 승강기검사의 공정성 담보방향을 제시하였다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2002

This report describes the first prize design of Midongsan Eco-park, which is located in Chungcheongbuk-do (North Chungcheong) province. Criteria of the winning design are as follows: 1) The design should include a neighborhood park as well as a portion of a green zone, in order to harmonize the area ecosystem, gradually assimilate the surroundings, and serve as an education tool for the public. 2) According to an analysis of area maps and a site-inspection, a preserved area, a buffer area, a restored area, and a developed area should be developed. In the buffer and restored areas, major facilities and activity spaces should be set up. 3) Observation trails should be accessible to visitors, and a variety of adventure programs should be available. 4) The eco-park should be designed to provide a habitat for the Gorani (Chinese water deer) which used to live around Midongsan. 5) For sensuous and vivid visitor experiences, diverse programs are to be designed to accommodate different seasons, visitor ages, and required time. Environment and eco-education are to be emphasized to maximize the effect of the eco-programs. 6) Optimal activities for visitors of different ages, optimal time intervals and eco-programs by age are also suggested. 7) Facilities are zoned into three sections according to level of development. Each section has a main area and supplementary areas for better understanding. 8) Nature-friendly arrangement of facilities and construction should minimize earthwork and adverse effects on the local ecology. Throughout the planning, the following things were learned: longer-term analysis including all season's observation is essential; planning, designing, bui Iding and managing should be based on this careful, extended observation. The contest should have taken plate over a longer period of time in order enable more detailed planing of the eco-park For improved management and activities, a volunteer system in linked with schools eco-institutions and NGOs should be developed with eco-interpreters.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.26-31
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• 2013

원전의 가압기 지지대에 사용되는 볼트는 설계 시 안전율 측면에서 충분한 경도의 볼트를 사용하지만, 현장실사를 통해 허용 경도 범위를 초과하는 볼트가 일부 확인되었다. 이러한 높은 경도의 볼트는 응력부식 및 재료의 파괴인성이 취약하고, 가압기는 부식에 취약한 환경이므로 이 부분에 대한 검토가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 현장실사를 통해 원전 가압기 지지대에 사용되는 볼트의 경도를 측정하였고, 이를 통해 응력부식과 부재의 파괴인성에 의한 균열을 제한할 수 있는 최대 허용응력을 계산하였다. 또한 정상운전 및 사고운전 시 발생할 수 있는 지지대 볼트의 응력을 수치해석 프로그램인 ANSYS를 사용하여 예측하였고, 이 응력이 응력부식을 제한할 수 있는 최대 허용응력 내에 있는 지 검토하였다. 검토 결과 정상 및 사고운전 조건에서 볼트의 응력은 응력부식에 대해 허용응력 안전 기준치를 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 향후 가압기 지지대의 구조물 체결방법을 체결 절차에 반영하여 정비 시 가압기의 건전성을 확보할 수 있도록 검토가 필요하다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.597-602
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• 2013

Background The forehead, which occupies about one third of the face, is one of the major determinants of a feminine or masculine look. Various methods have been used for the augmentation of the forehead using autologous fat grafts or alloplastic materials. Methylmethacrylate (MMA) is the most appropriate material for augmentation of the forehead, and we have used an injection-molding technique with MMA to achieve satisfactory results. Methods Under local anesthesia with intravenous (IV) sedation, an incision was made on the scalp and a meticulous and delicate subperiosteal dissection was then performed. MMA monomers and polymers were mixed, the dough was injected into the space created, and manual molding was performed along with direct inspection. This surgery was indicated for patients who wanted to correct an unattractive appearance by forehead augmentation. Every patient in this study visited our clinics 3 months after surgery to evaluate the results. We judged the postoperative results in terms of re-operation rates caused by the dissatisfaction of the patients and complications. Results During a 13-year period, 516 patients underwent forehead augmentation with MMA. With the injection-molding technique, the inner surface of the MMA implant is positioned close to the underlying frontal bone, which minimizes the gap between the implant and bone. The borders of the implant should be tapered sufficiently until no longer palpable or visible. Only 28 patients (5.4%) underwent a re-operation due to an undesirable postoperative appearance. Conclusions The injection-molding technique using MMA is a simple, safe, and ideal method for the augmentation of the forehead.