• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2019

This study carried out to determine control factors for the improvement of productivity of laying hens suffering heat stress during hot weather. A total of 48,451 ISA Brown layers were housed in a farm located in Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea. Five thermo-hydrometer loggers were installed inside the house to collect data of dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity. The experiment continued for 81 days when the summer season begins from 19th June to 7th September, 2018. This study analyzed the correlations among layers' production index and daily average, highest, and lowest temperature; daily average, highest, and lowest relative humidity; and daily average, minimum, and maximum THI. The result indicated that feed consumption, hen-day egg production, egg weight, and FCR decreased as the daily average, highest and lowest dry-bulb temperature and THI rise (p<0.01). On the other hand, water intake increased as the daily average, highest and lowest dry-bulb temperature and THI rise (p<0.001). The relative humidity was not considered to have direct correlations to the layers' production index (p>0.05). However, it was noticeable that the mortality did not have significant relations with daily average and highest temperature; THI; or daily average, highest and lowest relative humidity while it was relevant to the daily lowest temperature and THI (p<0.05). In conclusion, to enhance the productivity of laying hens in a hot climate, it is recommended that daily average, highest, and lowest dry-bulb temperature and THI are maintained as low as possible. Especially, the daily lowest temperature is needed to lower to 20℃, which is the lowest critical temperature for layers.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.192-201
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• 1999

This study was aimed to introduce the measurement of $CO_2$ concentration and leaf area index in the phytotron for predicting the effect of CO.E, light and leaf area index on the instantaneous photosynthetic rate of sweet pepper with the existing ASKAM model. Measurements were made in 2 semi-closed phytotron compartments in which three different $CO_2$ concentrations were applied at random. Plants were grown on containers with circulating nutrient solution at 21$^{\circ}C$ and 80-95% relative humidity. The model estimates crop net $CO_2$ uptake for short time intervals during the day based on short-term data of daily radiation, temperature and $CO_2$ concentration. During the photosynthesis measurements, $CO_2$ concentrations in both compartments and in the basement were measured every minute. This was also done for the flow of pure $CO_2$ into the compartment, global radiation, photosynthetic active radiation inside the compartment, temperature and relative humidity. Crop growth models summarize our knowledge on crop behavior and have as such a wide range of applications in analysis, crop management and thus as a farm management tool.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2015

This research was conducted to establish efficient methods to overcome high temperature and low humidity with light selective shading agent and two-fluid fogging system in greenhouses in hot season. There were four experimental treatments; not treated (Non), fogging by two-fluid fogging system (Fog), spraying onto the greenhouse surface with shading coating agent (Coat), and using fogging and coating together (F&C). The amount of solar radiation entered into the greenhouses was higher in Non, and then Fog, Coat, and F&C in descending order. Fog was more efficient to lower the air temperature and also raise relative humidity than Coat treatment. The crop temperature was about $6^{\circ}C$ higher in Control than the other treatments. F&C revealed as the most efficient method to control the environment inside the greenhouse, but fogging system seemed to be more economic. In stand-alone greenhouses spraying coating agent may be the appropriate choice because of their structural limitations, mainly eave height.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2017

The oyster mushroom cultivation house typically has multiple layers of growing shelves that cause the disturbance of air circulation inside the mushroom house. Due to this instability in the internal environment, growth distinction occurs according to the area of the growing shelves. It is known that minimal air circulation around the mushroom cap facilitates the metabolism of mushrooms and improves their quality. For the purpose of this study, a CFD analysis FLUENT R16 has been carried out to improve the internal environment uniformity of the oyster mushroom cultivation house. It is found that installing a section of the working passage towards the ceiling is to maintain the internal environment uniformity of the oyster mushroom cultivation house. When all the environment control equipment - including a unit cooler, an inlet fan, an outlet fan, an air circulation fan, and a humidifier - were operated simultaneously, the reported Root Mean Square (RMS) valuation the growing shelves were as follows: velocity 23.86%, temperature 6.08%, and humidity 2.72%. However, when only a unit cooler and an air circulation fan operated, improved RMS values on the growing shelves were reported as follows: velocity 23.54%, temperature 0.51%, and humidity 0.41%. Therefore, in order to maintain the internal environment uniformity of the mushroom cultivation house, it is essential to reduce the overall operating time of the inlet fan, outlet fan, and humidifier, while simultaneously appropriately manage the internal environment by using a unit cooler and an air circulation fan.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.189-201
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• 2017

This study focused on the Gaya mural tomb located in Goa-ri, Goryeong-gun, North Gyeongsang Province, Republic of Korea. Environmental factors such as ambient temperature, relative humidity and surface temperature, and microbial distribution on mural tombs were monitored for one year to gather data on the conservation environment of the mural tombs. The average internal temperature difference with reference to the ambient outer temperature was observed to be $11.7^{\circ}C$ for the monitoring period and the internal temperature of the tomb was found to change periodically every one or two months in response to the outer temperature. The highest temperature was observed in September and the lowest in March. The relative humidity in the mural tomb remained constant at 100%. Between December and April, condensation occurred on the ceiling of the main room of the tomb, where the murals are located. On the ceiling of the aisle, the condensation occurred throughout the year. The inside and surface wall were isolated from microorganisms, which could grow when a suitable growth environment suitable is established. Based on microbial growth temperature conditions, risk periods of microbial hazards were established, where in the period from August to October was identified as the most dangerous.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.319-329
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• 2017

In this study, formaldehyde concentrations in two exhibition halls were monitored using a passive sampler from May 2012 to April 2013. Formaldehyde concentrations in the exhibition halls were 5 to 36 times higher than concentrations outdoors. Concentrations inside the exhibition room and showcase varied according to pollutant source, HVAC(heating, ventilation, air conditioning)system and environment management. The formaldehyde concentration levels were corrected according to a standard method prescribed by Indoor Air Quality Management Law of the Ministry of Environment, Korea. As a result, Most concentration levels exceeded the exhibition standard of the Ministry of Environment($100{\mu}g/m^3$) and artifacts conservation standard of Tokyo National Museum($50{\mu}g/m^3$). Seasonal concentrations in the exhibition room and showcase were in the order summer>fall>spring>winter. Formaldehyde emissions increased in summer when air temperature and relative humidity are both high. Formaldehyde concentration distribution according to the temperature and relative humidity showed positive correlation. Air temperature showed good correlation because $R^2$ was in the range of 0.8~0.9. Analysis of formaldehyde emission characteristics in the exhibition hall would be helpful in efforts to improve indoor air quality.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.753-759
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• 2011

Protected crop production has been popular in Korea as well as in other countries. Intensive and continuous monitoring and control of the environment, which is labor- and time-consuming, is critical for stable crop productivity and profitability, otherwise damage could be happened due to unfavorable ambient and soil conditions. In the study, potential utilization of smartphone and remote access application in protected crop production environment was investigated. Tested available remote access applications provided functions of mouse click (left and right buttons), zooming in and out, and screen size and color resolution control. Wi-Fi data communication speeds were affected by signal intensity and user place. Data speeds at high (> -55 dBm), medium (-70~-56 dBm), and low (< -71 dBm) signal intensity levels were statistically different (${\alpha}=0.05$). Means of data communication speed were 6.642, 4.923, and 2.906 Mbps at hot spot, home, and office, respectively, and the differences were significant at a 0.05 level. Smart phone and remote access application were applied successfully to remote monitoring (inside temperature and humidity, and outside precipitation, temperature, and humidity) and control (window and light on/off) of green house environment. Response times for monitoring and control were less than 1 s at all places for high signal intensity (> -55 dBm), but they were increased to 1 ~ 10 s at home and office and to 10 ~ 30 s at hot spot for low signal intensity (< -71 dBm) for Wi-Fi. Results of the study would provide useful information for farmers to apply these techniques for their crop production.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.123-132
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• 2012

Gas sensors has been used very differently that depending on following purposes; Automotive (exhaust gas, fuel mixture gas, oxygen, particulates), agriculture / food industry (fresh, stored, CO2, humidity, NH3, nitrogen oxide gas, organic gas, toxic gas emitted from pesticides and insecticides), industrial / medical (chemical gas, hydrogen, oxygen and toxic gases), military (chemical weapon), environmental measurements (CO and other air pollution consisting of sulfur and nitrogen gas), residential (LNG, LPG, butane, indoor air, humidity). The types of industrial toxic substances are known about 700 species and many of these exist in gaseous form under normal conditions. he multi-gas detection sensors will be developed for casualties that detect the most important and find easy three kinds of gases in marine plant; carbon dioxide(CO2), carbon(CO), ammonia(NH3). Package block consists of gas sensing device minor ingredient, rf front end, zigbee chip. Develope interworking technology between the sensor and zigbee chip inside a package. Conduct a performance test through test jig about prototype zigbee sensor module with rf output power and unwanted emission test. This research task available early address when poisonous gas leaked from large industrial site and contribution for workers' safety at the enclosed space.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.43-51
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• 2011

This project was conducted to measure actual temperature, relative humidity (RH), and light intensity at different apartment floors and to suggest suitable indoor plants by investigating morphological changes of Treophelosparmum asiatioum and Fittonia verchaffeltii var. argyroneura as affected by light intensity. Temperature and RH in apartment verandas were measured in three different (2nd, 9th, and 16th) floors on three different buildings for 30 days seasonally. The light intensity, temperature, and RH were recorded outside (parking area) and inside apartment verandas for 24 hours on a selected sunny summer day (between Aug. 19 and Sept. 14, 2008). Based on the first study, we investigated effect of simulated light intensity (40, 70, 100, and $600{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) on changes in growth and development of T. asiatioum and F. verchaffeltii var. argyroneurain growth chambers. However, daily mean light intensity of 2nd, 9th, and 16th floors was different each other as it was about 40, 70, and $100{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. In the growth chamber experiment, plant height, internode length, and leaf length and width were not affected significantly by light intensity, but changes in leaf color were apparent in the new leaves with the increasing light intensity. The results suggest that T. asiatioum could be best fit to high, and F. verchaffeltii var. argyroneura to lower floor verandas, considering their aesthetic values.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.52-59
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• 2023

The effects of dielectric curing temperature and temperature/humidity treatment conditions on the interfacial adhesion energies between Ti diffusion barrier/polybenzoxazole (PBO) dielectric layers were systematically investigated for Cu redistribution layer applications of fan-out wafer level package. The initial interfacial adhesion energies were 16.63, 25.95, 16.58 J/m² for PBO curing temperatures at 175, 200, and 225 ℃, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that there exists a good correlation between the interfacial adhesion energy and the C-O peak area fractions at PBO delaminated surfaces. And the interfacial adhesion energies of samples cured at 200 ℃ decreased to 3.99 J/m² after 500 h at 85 ℃/85 % relative humidity, possibly due to the weak boundary layer formation inside PBO near Ti/PBO interface.