• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4 s.92
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• pp.350-357
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• 2000

This paper evaluated the influence of point source and flow events on inorganic nitrogen fractions at 17 sites of Taechung Reservoir during 1993${\sim}$1994. Total nitrogen (TN) averaged 1.53 mg/L during the study and ranged between 0.70 and 2.56 mg/L. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) accounted for >90% of TN regardless of season and location, indicating a nitrogen-rich system showing eutrophic${\sim}$hypereutrophic conditions. Some 67${\sim}$94% of DIN was NO$_{3}$-N, whereas mean level of NH$_{4}$-N was less than 5% of DIN. During monsoon 1993, dilution of NO$_{3}$-N was evident in the headwaters as a result of mixing of lake water with rain water, while NH$_{4}$-N increased>100% compared to the premonsoon. Values of NH$_{4}$-N had a positive correlation with rainfall (r=0.85; p<0.001) and negative correlations with theoretical water residence time(r=-0.90; p<0.001) and conductivity(r=-0.78, p<0.001), respectively. These outcomes suggest that NH$_{4}$-N came from external input from the watershed during the monsoon. In both years, mean TN was greater in the mid-lake sites than any other sites. A great amount of TN in the mid-lake was most pronounced in monsoon 1994 because of an accumulated influence of the point sources during low inflow. Overall data suggest that concentrations of TN in this system did not show large differences along the longitudinal gradients and its distributions is likely determined by point-sources rather than inflow regime.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.23
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• pp.207-261
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is (1) to design and test a database which can be automatically classified, and (2) to generate automatic classification number by processing the keywords in titles using the code combination method of Colon Classification(CC) as well as an automatic recognition of subjects in order to develop an automatic classification system (Auto BC System) based on CC which can be applied to any research library. To conduct this study, 1,510 words in the fields of agricultrue and medicine were selected, analized in terms of [P], [M], [E], [S], [T] employed in CC, and included in a database for classification. For the above-mentioned subject fields, the principle of an automatic classification was specified in order to generate automatic classification codes as well as to perform an automatic subject recognition of the titles included. Whenever necessary, editing, deleting, appending and reindexing of a database can be made in this automatic classification system. Appendix 1 shows the result of the automatic classification of books in the fields of agriculture and medicine. The results of the study are summarized below. 1. The classification number for the title of a book can be automatically generated by using the facet principles of Colon Classification. 2. The automatic subject recognition of a book is achieved by designing a database making use of a globe-principle, and by specifying the subject field for each word. 3. The automatic subject-recognition of input data is achieved by measuring the number of searched words by each subject field. 4. The combination of classification numbers is achieved by flowcharting of classification formular of each subject field. 5. The efficient control of classification numbers is achieved by designing control codes on the database for classification. 6. The automatic classification by means of Auto BC has been proved to be successful in the research library concentrating on a Single field. The general library may have some problem in employing this system. The automatic classification through Auto BC has the following advantages: 1. Speed of the classification process can be improve. 2. The revision or updating of classification schemes can be facilitated. 3. Multiple concepts can be expressed in a single classification code. 4. The consistency of classification can be achieved with the classification formular rather than the classifier's subjective judgement. 5. A user's retrieving process can be made after combining the classification numbers through keywords relating to the material to be searched. 6. The materials can be classified by a librarian without subject backgrounds. 7. The large body of materials can be quickly classified by means of a machine processing. 8. This automatic classification is expected to make a good contribution to design of the total system for library operations. 9. The information flow among libraries can be promoted owing to the use of the same program for the automatic classification.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 2010

TPR(Total Physical Response) is a new representative learning method for children's education. Today's approach to TPR has focused on signals from a user which becomes input data in a human-computer interaction, but the accuracy of sensing from body signals(e. g. motion and voice) isn't so perfect that it seems difficult to apply on an education system. To overcome these limits, we suggest a mediating interface device which can detect the user's motion using correct numerical values such as acceleration and angular speed. In addition, we suggest new design requirements for the mediating device through analyzing children's behavior as human factors by ethnography research and protocol analysis. As a result, we found that; children are unskilled in physical control when they use objects; tend to lean on an object unconsciously with touch. Also their behaviors are restricted, when they use objects. Therefore a mediating device should satisfy new design requirements which are make up for unskilled handling, support familiar and natural physical activity.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.95-111
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• 2012

Relationship between plankton assemblage and environmental factors in a semi-closed Chunsu Bay was examined. Temporal changes in phytoplankton assemblage was rather drastic than those found in most Korean coastal area in the Yellow Sea primarily due to the seawater temperature (T) and nutrient input from the dikes nearby. Freshwater discharge seemed to cause winter time increase of Diatoms (February) and summer time increase of Dinoflagellates at surface (July to August). Structural change in cell size with time was also found in Diatom. Zooplankton community structure was also changed with season probably due to the food concentration, seawater temperature and salinity (S). From principal component analysis (PCA) of zooplankton distribution, it was postulated that seasonal environmental changes such as T and S could explain about 32% of variability in zooplankton distribution along with phytoplankton cell numbers, while freshwater discharge could explain about 17%. Comparing with past data of 1985-1986, 1991-1992, the distributional patterns and percent composition of major species, Acartia hongi, Paracalanus parvus sensu lato and Centropages abdominalis, were similar. However, the abundances have been increased more than three times. The composition of other taxa than copepods showed significant changes.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.155-168
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• 2011

Coastal boundary current flows along the eastern boundary of the Yellow Sea and its speed was about 0.l m/s during the summer 2007. In order to find major factors that affect the coastal boundary current in the eastern Yellow Sea, three-dimensional numerical model experiments were performed. The model simulation results were validated against hydrographic and current meter data in the eastern Yellow Sea. The eastern boundary current flows along the bottom front over the upper part of slopping bottom. Strength and position of the current were affected by tides, winds, local river discharge, and solar radiation. Tidal stirring and surface wind mixing were major factors that control the summertime boundary currents along the bottom front. Tidal stirring was essential to generate the bottom temperature front and boundary current. Wind mixing made the boundary current wider and augmented its north-ward transport. Buoyancy forcing from the freshwater input and solar radiation also affected the boundary current but their contributions were minor. Strong (weak) tidal mixing during spring (neap) tides made the northward transport larger (smaller) in the numerical simulations. But offshore position of the eastern boundary current's major axis was not apparently changed by the spring-neap cycle in the mid-eastern Yellow Sea due to strong summer stratification. The mean position of coastal boundary current varied due to variations in the level of wind mixing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.3 s.74
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• pp.109-125
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• 2004

In recent decades, microscopic simulation models have become powerful tools to analyze traffic flow on highways and to assist the investigation of level of service. The existing microscopic simulation models simulate an individual vehicle's speed based on a constant free-flow speed dominantly specified by users and driver's behavior models reflecting vehicle interactions, such as car following and lane changing. They set a single free-flow speed for a single vehicle on a given link and neglect to consider the effects of highway design elements to it in their internal simulation. Due to this, the existing models are limitted to provide with identical simulation results on both curved and tangent sections of highways. This paper presents a model developed to estimate the change of free-flow speeds based on highway design elements. Nine neural network models were trained based on the field data collected from seven different freeway curve sections and three different locations at each section to capture the percent changes of free-flow speeds: 100 m upstream of the point of curve (PC) and the middle of the curve. The model employing seven highway design elements as its input variables was selected as the best : radius of curve, length of curve, superelevation, the number of lanes, grade variations, and the approaching free-flow speed on 100 m upstream of PC. Tests showed that the free-flow speeds estimated by the proposed model were statistically identical to the ones from the field at 95% confidence level at each three different locations described above. The root mean square errors at the starting and the middle of curve section were 6.68 and 10.06, and the R-squares at these points were 0.77 and 0.65, respectively. It was concluded from the study that the proposed model would be one of the potential tools introducing the effects of highway design elements to free-flow speeds in simulation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 1981

A mathematical model based on the water flow equation was developed with the Ohm's analogy and the partial differential equations. Simulation of water uptake was performed by numerically solving the equations with the aid of a differential equation solver, DGEAR in IMSL package, in FORTRAN version. The input data necessary were climatological parameters (temperature, solar radiation, humidity and wind speed). plant parametors (leaf water potential, leaf area, root conductivity and root length density) and soil parameters (hydraulic conductivity and The graphical comparison of the simulated and measured water contents as the functions of time showed good agreement, but there still was some disparity due to possible inacouracy of the field measured parameters. The simulated soil evaporation showed about 2 mm/day early in the growing period and dropped to about 0.4 mm/day as the full canopy developed and the soil water depleted. During the dry period, soil evaporation was as low as 0.1 mm/day. The transpiration was as high as 5mm/day. Deep percolation calculated from the flux between the 180-cm layer was about 0.2mm/day and became smaller with time. After the soil water of upper layers depleted, the flux reversed showing capillary rise. The rate of the capillary rise reached about 0.07mm/day, which was too low to satisfy water uptake of the root system. Therefore, to increase use of water in deep soil, expansion of the root system is necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.301-310
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• 2013

To suggest a standard concerning with the arrangement of bridge equipment, the authors conducted the video observations with 3CCD (charge coupled device) cameras installed on the ceil of the bridge for monitoring the working activities of two bridge teams (the skipper/mate1 and the skipper/mate2) in a Korean coastal large trawler(gross tonnage: 139) for five days from July 30th. 2010 and analyzed of the data. Work elements coded by the work activities were input on the sheet of work analysis by the time unit of 1 sec according to the time occurred. A single work element among the work activities for every 5 minutes was denoted as the number of occurrence. The frequency of equipment usage was limited only in the usage of the equipment. In the case of the navigation and the towing net two ranks were integrated and analyzed. On the other hand, in the case of the casting net and the hauling net, two processes were integrated to as one and then analyzed separately as two ranks. As the results, 15 elements of work was carried out between two bridge teams for the observation; lookout, radar, GPS plotter, fish finder, net monitor, fishing deck, RPM indicator, rudder angle indicator, compass card, for maneuver; steering, ship speed control, trawl winch operation and external communications, paper works and others. It was found that the work load of the skipper per 5 minutes accordance with the navigation, the casting net, the towing net and the hauling net are 20.5 times, 11.9 times, 38.0 times and 9.5 times respectively, the mates are 65.2 times, 66.5 times, 85.7 times and 59.1 times respectively. The radar was shown the highest frequency of the equipment usage and the next was the fish finder, the GPS plotter and the external communications in the case of the navigation. In the case of the towing net the frequency of usage was high the ranking as the radar, the net monitor, the fish finder, the GPS plotter, the steering system and the external communications. In the case of the integrated process both of the casting and hauling net the trawl winch was shown the highest frequency to the skipper and the next was the GPS plotter and the radar, and the steering system was shown the highest frequency to the mate and the next was the radar, the ship speed control system, the GPS plotter, the net monitor and the fish finder.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.197-222
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• 2007

The study aims to evaluate the outcomes of the Centers for Independent Living(CILs) demonstration program and to recommend future directions for CILs in 2006. The framework for the evaluation is a logic model, which facilitates outcome-based performance measurement. The measures associated with the logic model include input, activity, output, and outcomes. The data were collected by interviewing the executive directors of 10 CILs and conducting telephone survey with 231 consumers with disabilities. The study found that 69% consumers acquired new knowledge and skills for independent living. The study also revealed that 87% consumers experienced the positive changes in their lives and 83% consumers were satisfied with the services of the Centers. After using the services, consumers reported significant increases in self-confidence, and in the number and the level of involvement in the activities. In addition, the study found that the employment status of the consumers was improved, and the number of persons who were living in institutions was decreased. The study supports the advancement of policy to institutionalize Centers for Independent Living, and points to the importance of developing the capacity of the Association of Centers for Independent Living to ensure high quality services. In addition, it is suggested that the development of a manual for these services is necessary, and that services should be provided across disabilities and throughout the country, especially in rural areas.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.93-105
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• 2002

In this paper forest fire status information management system was developed under web environment using web GIS(geographic information system) technology. Though this system, general users can easily retrieval domestic forest fire status information and obtain that in visual way such as maps, graphs, and texts if they have only certain web browsers. Moreover, officials, who have system access authority, can easily control and manage all domestic forest fire status information through input interface, retrieval interface, and out interface of the system. This system can be considered as the first domestic system to manage forest fire status data and service them in visual through user friendly interfaces on web. In order to implement this system, IIS 5.0 of Microsoft is used as web server and Oracle 8i and ASP(active server page) are used for database construction and dynamic web page operation, respectively. Also, ArcGIS IMS(internet map server) of ESRI is used to serve maps by using Java and HTML as system development languages. Not only the domestic tendency of forest fire but also the forest fire status information of certain area and time such as the frequency and the loss can be presented through distribution maps, graphs and tables. Therefore, this system is supposed to play as a important role when the policy relate to domestic forest fire is established. In addition, the self consciousness of people against forest fire can be inspired and the foundation of scientific and systemic forest fire services can be obtained through this system in the future.