• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.193-199
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• 2009

The culture condition of unrecorded species L. aciculospora, L. boryana and L. raphanica was investigated with recorded species of L. edodes as the control group in order to analyze diversity and examed relations of the species belong to Lentinula. The optimal temperature and media for the mycelial growth of L. aciculospora and L. boryana were $22^{\circ}C$ and PDA, MCM medium. L. raphanica was $28^{\circ}C$ and ME1 medium. Each of L. aciculospora, L. boryana, L. raphanica is pH 6, pH 7, pH 5 in the optimal pH respectvely. The optimal carbon and nitrogen source of L. aciculospora were glucose and malt extract. That of L. boryana was glucose and urea that of L. raphanica was sucrose and potassium nitrate. The optimal vitamin of L. aciculospora was Myo-inositol. That of L. boryana and L. raphanica were Riboflabin.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1981

The mycelial growth of Agaricus bitorquis and Pleurotus ostreatus in synthetic media were carried out by ordinary methods. The optimum pH and temperature for mycelial growth were from pH 6.0 to 6.5 and 25 to $30^{\circ}C$, and from pH 5.0 to 6.5 and $25^{\circ}C$ in A. bitorquis and P. ostreatus, respectively. Among the carbon and nitrogen sources, glucose, starch, and peptone showed the good result for the mycelial growth of A. bitorquis, and glucose, fructose, starch and peptone were good for the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus. The yield of mycelium decreased under lower or higher C/N ratio. Also, at the same C/N ratio, the higher the concentration of glucose and peptone, the more the yield was increased. Among various vitamins thiamine, Ca-pantothenate and folic acid were suitable for the mycelial growth of A. bitorquis, and thiamine, folic acid and ino­sitol for the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus. Although pH, total nitrogen and glucose contents of media decreased gradually during culture period the yield of mycelium increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 1988

The composition of lipid class and fatty acid of free lipids(FL) and bound lipids(BL at low temperature and BL at high temperature) from Mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus, L) was investigated with the chromatographic procedures. The contents of neutral lipid (NL), glycol lipids(GL) and phospholipids(PL) in FL were 89.1%, 7.1%, and 3.7%, on the other hand those of BL were $49{\sim}56%,\;28{\sim}29%\;and\;15{\sim}21%$, respectively. The major components of NL fraction were triglycerides, 1,2-diglycerides and esterified sterol in the lipids of FL and BL. Esteryl steryl glycosides and monogalactosyl diglycerides were observed as major GL components of FI and BL. Of the PL in FL and BL, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, diphosphatidyl glycerides and phosphatidyl choline were the major components. The predominent fatty acids of NL, GL and PL were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids. There are a little difference between the compositions of BL at low and high temperature extraction.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 1998

Anti-phospholipid antihodies (aPL) have important roles in various pregnancy complications such as recurrent miscarrige, growth retardation, placental abruption and stillbirth. However, their biological actions on preimplantation development of oocytes are still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether either aPL containing sera or phospholipids could affect in vitro fertilization and development of mouse oocytes. Sera used in this study were collected from three patients and the presence of aPL in the sera was confirmed by enzymatic-linked immunosorbent assay. When mouse oocytes were cultured in a serum-free, Chatot, Ziomek and Bavister (CZB) medium (Experiment 1), addition of aPL-containing sera (10%) to CZB medium did not. significantly (P>0.05) influence sperm penetration of oocytes. However, development to the blastocyst stage was significantly (P<0.05) inhibited by serum addition, and formation of morulae (16-23% vs. 58%) and blastocysts (0-4% vs. 21%) was markedly reduced compared with no addition (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, pronuclear stage embryos were cultured for 96 h in GZB medium supplemented with 1 $\mu$g /ml phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 1 $\mu$g/ml phosphatidyl inositol or 1 $\mu$g /ml phosphatidyl choline. No increase in embryo development was found after addition of the phospholipids to CZB medium. These results suggest that 1) aPL have an inhibitory role in preimplantation development of mouse embryos, and that 2) the action of aPL may be related to a specific phospholid (s) rather than the tested phospholipids in the present study.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 1993

Plesiomonas shigelloides distributed in the aquatic systems was isolated and identified in this study and compared with the c1inica] isolates in view of their physiological characteristics, Biochemica] charactristics of the isolates of P. shigelloides one sample taken from Gupo and two samples taken from Mu]gum, were studied. However, none was isolated in Haeundae, Dadaepo, Kangdong and Nakdong estuary. The isolated bacteria had an optimum growth condition in peptone water of $25~35^{\circ}C$, pH 7.5-8.0 and 1% NaCI concentration. The cell grew most properly on the selective enrichment media which were made from adding inositol to peptone water. DNase was s]owly produced and the results were different from those of other studies. The components of the fatty acid were 3% of 3-hydroxy]ated fatty acid containing $C_{12}~C_{18}$. 0-10% cyclopropane ($C_{17:0}$), 25~30% hexadecanoic acid ($C_{16:0}$), 32~43% hexadecenoic acid ($C_{16:1}$), 1~2% octadecanoic acid ($C_{16:0}$), and 9~14% octadecenoic acid ($C_{18:1}$). Bacterio]ogica] characteristics, susceptibility of antibiotics, and the components of fatty acid of the c1inica] isolates were similar to those of the strains isolated from the aquatic systems. The strains isolated from c1inica] sources degraded lactose more fast than those isolated from the aquatic systems. There existed resistant bacteria to chlorampenicol in the strains from patients, but there were no resistant bacteria in the strains from the aquatic systems. The components of fatty acid of the clinical isolates were 0~2% $C_{17:0 cyclo}$ and 2~3% $C_{18:0}$, but those of the strains from the aquatic systems were 2~10% and 1~2%, respectvely, which showed the quantitative difference between both components.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.186-186
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• 1994

Many agonists have been known to activate the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids through the bindings with corresponding receptors on the various cells. Diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate(IP3) generated by the action of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) are well known second messengers for the activation of protein kinase C and the mobilization of Ca2+ in many cells. Three types of PI-PLC isozyme (${\alpha}$,${\gamma}$, and $\delta$) and several subtrpes for each type have been identified from mammalian sources by purification of enzymes and cloning of their cDNAs. Each type PI-PLC isozyme is coupled to different receptors and mediators, for example, ${\beta}$-types are coupled to the seven-transmembrane-receptors via Gq family of G-proteins and ${\beta}$-types directly to the receptor tyrosine kinases. Specific modulators for the signaling pathway through each type of PI-PLC should be very useful as potential potential candidates for lend substances in developing novel drugs. To establish the sensitive and convenient screening systems for searching modulators on PI-PLC mediated signaling, two kinds of approaches have been tried. (1) Establishment of in vitro assay condition for each type of PI-PLC isozyme: Overexpression by using vaccinia virus and purification of each isozyme was carried out for the preparation of large amounts of enaymes. Optimum and sensitive assay condition for the measurements of PI-ELC activities were established. (2) Development of the cell lines in which each type of PI-PLC is permanently overexpressed: A fibroblast cell line (3T3${\gamma}$1-7) in which PI-PLC-${\gamma}$1 was overexpressed by using pZip-neo expression vector was developed and used for the measurement of PDGF-induced IP3 formation. The responses for IP3 formed in 3T3${\gamma}$1-7 cells by the treatment of PDGF is 8 times more sensitive than those in control cells. 3T3${\gamma}$l-7 cell is useful for the screening of the inhibitors on the PDGF-induced cellular responses from large number of samples in a small volume(50 ${\mu}$l) and short time(5-15 min). Using these systems, we screened hundreds of herb-extracts for the inhibition of PDGF-induced IP3 formation and selected several extracts that showed the inhibition as the candidates for isolation and characterization of active substances. The determination of the acting point of selected extracts or fractions in the PDGF signaling pathway has been analyzing.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 2007

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cδ (PLCδ) plays an important role in many cellular responses and is involved in the production of second messenger. The present study was conducted to characterize the catalytic and regulatory properties of the PLCδ of Misgurnus mizolepis (ML-PLCδ). The ML-PLCδ gene was cloned and expressed under according to the method of the previous report (Kim et al., 2004), and its recombinant protein was purified by successive chromatography using Ni2+-NTA affinity column. The recombinant ML-PLCδ showed a concentration-dependent PLC activity to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) or phosphatidylinositol (PI). Its activity was absolutely Ca2+-dependence, which was similar to mammalian PLCδ isozymes. The Ca2+ concentration yielding maximal activation of ML-PLCδ was 100 μM. However, the activity was decreased interestingly by a polyamine, such as spermine and spermidine. In vitro assay using cholate-micelle cell, ML-PLCδ activity was inhibited in dose-dependent manner by sphinogosine but increased by phosphocholine . In the lipid-binding assay, ML-PLCδ was strongly bound to LPA, PI(3)P, PI(4)P, PI(5)P, PI(3,5)P2, PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4,5)P3 and PA, but it showed the low affinity to S1P, PI(3,4)P2 and PS. Taken together our results, it is suggested that the general catalytic and regulatory properties of ML-PLCδ are similar with those of mammalian PLCδ1 isozymes, but the N-terminal extended piscine phospholipase Cδ1 (ML-PLCδ) might reflect some distinctions in regulatory properties and inositol-lipid binding specificity between piscine ML-PLCδ and mammalian PLCδ isozymes.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 1997

In the present study, it was aimed to further indentify the intracellular action mechansm of cromakalim and levcromakalim in the porcine coronary artery. In intact porcine coronary arterial strips loaded with fura-2/AM, acetylcholine caused an increase in intracellular free $Ca^{2+}$ $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ in association with a contraction in a concentration-dependent manner. Cromakalim (1 ${\mu}M$) caused a reduction in acetylcholine-induced increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ not only in the mormal physiological salt solution (PSS) but also in $Ca^{2+}$-free PSS (containing 1 mM EGTA). In the skinned strips prepared by exposure of tissue to 20 .${\mu}M$ B-escin, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ($IP_3$) evoked an increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, but it was without effect on the intact strips. The $IP_3$-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was inhibited by cromakalim by 78% and levcromakalim by 59% (1 .${\mu}M$, each). Pretreatment with glibenclamide (a blocker of ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels, 10 .${\mu}M$) and apamin (a blocker of small conductance $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channels, 1 .${\mu}M$) strongly blocked the effect of cromakalim and levcromakalim. However, charybdotoxin (a blocker of large conductance $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channels, 1 .${\mu}M$) was without effect. In addition, cromakalim inhibited the $GTP{\gamma}S$ (100 .${\mu}M$, non-hydrolysable analogue of GTP)-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. Based on these results, it is suggested that cromakalim and levcromakalim exert a potent vasorelaxation, in part, by acting on the $K^+$ channels of the intracellular sites (e.g., sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane), thereby, resulting in decrease in release of $Ca^{2+}$ from the intracellular storage site.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 1986

The lipid compositions of corns produced in Korea were analyzed. Free and bound lipids of the corn kernels were fractionated, quantitated and compared by silicic acid column, thin layer and gas liquid chromatography. Corn kernels contained 5.02% total lipids, which is consisted of 4.09% free lipids and 0.93% bound lipids. Free lipids comprised of 89.61% neutral lipids, 3.75% glycolipids and 6.40% phospholipids, while bound lipids contained 14.26% neutral lipids, 46.06% glycolipids and 37.18% phospholipids. In the neutral lipids of free lipids, triglycerides were predominant (67.68%) and minor components such as esterified sterols, free sterols, free fatty acids, 1,3-diglycerides, 1,2-diglycerides were present. But in the neutral lipids of bound lipids, esterified sterols were not present and the contents of triglycerides were lower (47.68%) and free fatty acids were higher than those of free lipids. Among the phospholipids in free and bound lipids, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl serines and phosphatidyl inositols were also present as minor components. The major fatty acids in the three lipid classes were linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.215-223
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• 2018

Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization is closely linked with the initiation of salivary secretion in parotid acinar cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be related to a variety of oxidative stress-induced cellular disorders and believed to be involved in salivary impairments. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) on cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation in mouse parotid acinar cells. Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ levels were slowly elevated when $1mM\;H_2O_2$ was perfused in the presence of normal extracellular $Ca^{2+}$. In a $Ca^{2+}-free$ medium, $1mM\;H_2O_2$ still enhanced the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level. $Ca^{2+}$ entry tested using manganese quenching technique was not affected by perfusion of $1mM\;H_2O_2$. On the other hand, $10mM\;H_2O_2$ induced more rapid $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation and facilitated $Ca^{2+}$ entry from extracellular fluid. $Ca^{2+}$ refill into intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ store and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ($1{\mu}M$)-induced $Ca^{2+}$ release from $Ca^{2+}$ store was not affected by $1mM\;H_2O_2$ in permeabilized cells. $Ca^{2+}$ efflux through plasma membrane $Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ (PMCA) was markedly blocked by $1mM\;H_2O_2$ in thapsigargin-treated intact acinar cells. Antioxidants, either catalase or dithiothreitol, completely protected $H_2O_2-induced$ $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation through PMCA inactivation. From the above results, we suggest that excessive production of $H_2O_2$ under pathological conditions may lead to cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation and that the primary mechanism of $H_2O_2-induced$ $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation is likely to inhibit $Ca^{2+}$ efflux through PMCA rather than mobilize $Ca^{2+}$ ions from extracellular medium or intracellular stores in mouse parotid acinar cells.