• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.242-246
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• 1984

감자 괴경에 타박상을 입혔거나 세균현탁액을 주입했을 때 낮은 water potential(-6.46 bar) 보다 높은 water potential (-6.06 bar)에서 더 쉽게 부패를 초래하였으며, 높은 water potential을 가진 괴경과 낮은 water potential을 가진 괴경 사이에 있어서의 부패의 진전에는 큰 차이를 발견할 수 있었으며, 현탁액의 농도의 종류에 따른 괴경의 연부병의 이병정도는 높은 water potential에서 높았으며, 세균 현탁액 농도의 $ED_{50}$은 높은 water potential에서 $10^{8.5}\;cells/ml$이며 낮은 water potential에 서는 $100^{9.8}\;cells/ml$이었으며, 높은 water potential과 낮은 water potential $ED_{50}$에서는 작은 차이를 인정할 수 있었다. 이 시험에서 감자는 상처나 타박상이 나지 않도록 다루어야 하며 수확후 충분히 건조하여야 오랜 운반과 저장중에 연부병 발생을 크게 줄일 수 있다는 것을 나타낸다.

• 한국폐기물자원순환학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.474-481
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of inoculum and carbon sources on anaerobic digestion characteristics. The treatments were combinations of inoculum (digestate of cattle manure and rumen fluid) with carbon sources (starch, cellulose, and xylan). Anaerobic digestion was performed in triplicate at $37^{\circ}C$ for 18 days at 100 rpm. Sampling was performed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days to measure pH, ammonia-N, volatile solids reduction, the cumulative methane content, and the cumulative methane production. There was a significant difference in methane content depending on the carbon source and there was a significant difference in pH, ammonia-N, methane production, and methane content depending on the inoculum (P < 0.05). The results of methane production were higher in the digestate of cattle manure treatment than in the rumen fluid treatment (P < 0.05). In this study, different digestive patterns depending on the type of carbon source could be used as basic research data to set the hydraulic residence time of anaerobic digestion facilities. In addition, the use of ruminal fluid as an inoculum may help accelerate the hydrolysis and acid production steps.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 1990

영남지역(嶺南地域)의 수종(數種) 토양통(土壤統)에서 경작여부(耕作與否)에 따른 토착(土着) 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 분포특성(分布特性)을 구명(究明)하였다. 이를 위하여, 토양통(土壤統)이 서로 다른 5개(個) 지점(地點)의 경작지(耕作地)와 미경작지(未耕作地) 토양(土壤)의 대두(大豆) 접종효과(接種效果)(Soil inoculum potential)와 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌)의 취락형태적(聚落形態的) 분포특성(分布特性)을 조사(調査)하였는데 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 1. 영남지역(嶺南地域)에 분포(分布)한 토착(土着) 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 밀도(密度)는 경작지(耕作地)의 경우 $10^4Cells/g$. soil 이상(以上)이었으나 미경작지(未耕作地)에서는 경미(輕微)하였다. 2. 경작지(耕作地) 토양(土壤)의 대두(大豆) 접종효과(接種效果)(Soil inoculum potential)는 NifTAL의 우수근류근(優秀根瘤菌) 접종제(接種劑) TAL 보다 좋았고, 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 질소고정(窒素固定) 특성면(特性面)에서 근류(根瘤) 무게가 근류수(根瘤數)를 보상(報償)하였다. 3. 토착(土着) 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 취락형태별(聚落形態別) 분포(分布)는 경작여부(耕作與否)에 따라 상이(相異)하였는데, "Dry"형(形) 기경지(旣耕地)에서, "Wet"형(形)은 미경작지(未耕作地)에서 각각(各各) 우점경향(優占傾向)을 보였다. 4. 토착(土着) 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 취락형태별(聚落形態別) 공생효과(共生效果)는 "Dry"형(形)이 "Wet"형(形)보다 좋았다. 따라서 숙전(熟田)에서의 대두생육(大豆生育)은 "Dry"형(形) 토착(土着) 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 밀도(密度)에 크게 영향(影響)을 받을 것으로 판단(判斷)되었다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.19-23
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• 2008

Red pepper (Capsicum annum L.) roots and soils representing different agricultural management practices such as conventional (CON), no-chemical (NOC), and organic farming systems (ORG) were collected from 32 farm field sites in Kyunggi, Korea to investigate the effects of these agricultural practices on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. ORG inoculum significantly increased plant growth compared to inoculum from CON and NOC. A community analysis of AM fungi (AMF) using morphological features of spores revealed that AMF spore abundance and species diversity were significantly higher in ORG than in CON. Additionally, a community analysis of AMF colonizing roots using a molecular technique revealed higher AMF diversity in ORG than in CON. These results suggest that agricultural practices significantly influence AM fungal community structure and mycorrhizal inoculum potential.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1587-1593
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• 2010

Pastures of the Apennines of Central Italy contribute to feed resources of high altitude (above 1,300 m sea level) grazing systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of faecal extract from the yak (Bos grunnienes) as an alternative microbial inoculum to rumen fluid for estimation of digestibility of several forage species. Forage samples produced at high altitude were tested in this study: four legumes (Lathyrus sativus L., Lotus corniculatus L., Onobrychis viciaefolia L. and Trifolium pratense L.), three forbs (Achillea millefolium L., Potentilla reptans L. and Teucrium flavum L.) and one grass (Brachipodyum pinnatum L.) were incubated with yak rumen fluid or faecal extract. A large variability in chemical composition was observed among the species collected. Rumen liquor and faecal samples were collected from adult healthy yak. The $Daisy^{II}$ incubator was used to evaluate the nutrient digestibility of forages using rumen liquor as control and faecal extract as alternative microbial inoculum sources. Filter bags containing samples of browse species were added to the four digestion vessels along with their respective inoculum and then incubated for 48 h and dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral and detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility was determined. There was a significant relationship between estimates, indicating that faecal liquor has the potential to be used instead of rumen fluid for estimation of in vitro digestibility of plants. It is concluded that the $Daisy^{II}$ incubator results are appropriate for the determination of in vitro digestibility of nutrients using faecal liquor to define the potential for adaptation of yak to new pastures.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.333-341
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• 2011

Two antifungal bacteria were selected from forest soils during the screening of microorganisms antagonistic to Cylindrocarpon destructans, a cause of ginseng root rot. The antifungal bacteria were identified as Bacillus subtilis (I4) and B. amyloliquefaciens (yD16) based on physiological and cultural characteristics, the Biolog program, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses. Antagonistic activity of both bacterial isolates to C. destructans increased with increasing temperature. More rapid starch hydrolytic activity of the bacteria was seen on starch agar at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures, and in the higher density inoculum treatment than in the lower density inoculum treatment. The bacterial isolates failed to colonize ginseng root the root tissues inoculated with the bacteria alone at an inoculum density of $1{\times}10^6$ cfu/ml, but succeeded in colonizing the root tissues co-inoculated with the bacteria and C. destructans. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the pathogen was damaged by the low-density inoculum treatment with the bacterial isolates as much as by the high-density inoculum treatment. Both bacterial isolates were more effective in reducing root rot when they were treated at a concentration of $1{\times}10^6$ cfu/ml than at $1{\times}10^8$ cfu/ml. Also, only the former treatment induced prominent wound periderm formation, related to structural defense against pathogen infection. The results suggest that the bacterial antagonists may have high potential as biocontrol agents against ginseng root rot at relatively low-inoculum concentrations.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.913-917
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• 2008

The cyclic undecapeptide, cyclosporin A (CyA), is one of the most commonly prescribed immunosuppressive drugs. It is generated nonribosomally from a multifunctional cyclosporin synthetase enzyme complex by the filamentous fungus Tolypocladium niveum. In order to maximize the production of CyA by wild-type T. niveum (ATCC 34921), each of three culture stages (sporulation culture, growth culture, and production culture) were sequentially optimized. Among the three potential sporulation media, the SSMA medium generated the highest numbers of T. niveum spores. The SSM and SM media were then selected as the optimal growth and production culture media, respectively. The addition of valine and fructose to the SM production medium was also determined to be crucial for CyA biosynthesis. In this optimized three-stage culture system, 3% of the spore inoculum generated the highest level of CyA productivity in a 15-day T. niveum production culture, thereby implying that the determination of an appropriate size of T. niveum spore inoculum plays a critical role in the maximization of CyA production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.600-607
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of substrate to inoculum ratio (S/I ratio) on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) and anaerobic biodegradability ($D_{deg}$) of different piggery slaughterhouse wastes, such as piggery blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content. These wastes were sampled from a piggery slaughterhouse located in Kimje, South Korea. Cumulative methane production curves for the wastes were obtained from the anaerobic batch fermentation having different S/I ratios of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. BMP and anaerobic biodegradabilities ($D_{deg}$) of the wastes were calculated from cumulative methane production data for the tested conditions. At the lowest S/I ration of 0.1, BMPs of piggery blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content were determined to be 0.799, 0.848, and $1.076Nm^3kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$, respectively, which were above the theoretical methane potentials of 0.539, 0.644, and $0.517Nm^3kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$ for blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content, respectively. However, BMPs obtained from the higher S/I ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 were within the theoretical range for all three types of waste and were not significantly different for the different S/I ratios tested. Anaerobic biodegradabilities calculated from BMP data showed a similar tendency. These results imply that, for BMP assay in an anaerobic reactor, the S/I ratio of anaerobic reactor should be above 0.1 and the inoculum should be sufficiently stabilized to avoid further degradation during the assay.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제26권3호통권86호
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• pp.387-395
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• 1998

여러가지 기주에서 유쾌한 Calonectria ilicicola 균주의 병원성에 대한 형태적, 유전적 표지를 검출하기 위하여 균사생장, 균핵, 자낭각 그리고 dsRNA를 조사하였다. 시험된 모든 균주에서 병원성, 균핵수, 자낭각수 와 균사생장 등의 다양한 변이가 관찰되었으나 dsRNA는 검출되지 않았다. 균의 병원성은 균핵과 자낭각 생산과 각각 정의 상관관계가 있었으나, 균사 생장은 자낭각의 생산과 부의 상관관계를 보여 주었다. 땅콩에서 유래한 균주보다 콩에서 유래한 균주가 기주인 콩에 더 강한 병원성을 보였으며 균핵과 자낭각의 생산도 더 많았다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼 때 C. ilicicla의 균핵과 자낭각 생산력은 inoculum potential의 구성요소로써 작용하며, 이중 균의 자낭각 생산력은 병원성과 기주 분화를 나타내는데 유용한 표지로써 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Anaerobic digestion is the most feasible technology because not only the energy embedded in organic matters can be recovered, but also they are stabilized while being degraded. This study carried out to improve methane yield of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment sludge cake by the thermal pre-treatment prior to anaerobic digestion.METHODS AND RESULTS: Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment sludge cake was pre-treated by the closed hydrothermal reactor at reaction temperature of 190℃. BMPs (Biochemical methane potential) of the thermal hydrolysate was tested in the different S(Substrate)/I(Inoculum) ratio conditions. COD(Chemical oxygen demand) and SCOD(Soluble chemical oxygen demand) contents of thermal hydrolysate were 10.99% and 10.55%, respectively, then, the 96.00% of COD was remained as a soluble form. The theoretical methane potential of thermal hydrolysate was 0.51 Nm³ kg^-1-VS_added. And BMPs were decreased from 0.56 to 0.22 Nm³ kg^-1-VS_added when S/I ratio were increased from 0.1 to 2.0 in the VS content basis. Those were decreased from 0.32 to 0.13 Nm³ kg^-1-COD_added when S/I ratio were increased from 0.1 to 2.0 based on COD content. The anaerobic degradability of VS basis have showed 196.9%, 102.2%, 80.7%, 67.4%, and 39.4% in S/I ratios of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively. Also the COD of 119.6%, 76.3%, 70.1%, 69.0%, and 43.1% were degraded anaerobically in S/I ratios of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively.CONCLUSION: BMPs obtained in the S/I ratios of 0.1 and 0.3 was overestimated by the residual organic matters remaining at the inoculum. And inhibitory effect was observed in the highest S/I ratio of 2.0. The optimum S/I ratios giving reasonable BMPs might be in the range of 0.5 and 1.0 in S/I ratio. Therefore VS biodegradability of thermal hydrolysate was in 67.4-80.7% and COD biodegradability showed 69.0-70.1%.