• STI Policy Review
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.36-53
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• 2015

The rise of latecomer countries across the world directs academic attention to their catching-up and innovation processof seizing technological opportunities and combining internal and external knowledge. Different from the developed economies as well as the newly industrialized economies, China presents a special innovation environment, wherein its technology regime, market opportunities, and institutions are complex and the globalization trend affects competition in a broader way. In thiscontext, we clarify and extend the framework of "secondary innovation". This framework describes the dynamics of those with relatively poor resources and capabilities in their efforts to capture the values of mature/emerging technology or business models by acquiringthem from across borders and then adapting to catching-up contexts. Such processes, differentiated from original innovation that involves the whole process from R&D to commercialization, has become a prevailing regime during paradigm shifts. In particular, unlike the traditional catch-up literature that focuses more on technology, the secondary innovation framework inclusively contains both technology and business model innovation, and puts forward the co-evolution between the two elements, which is more applicable to China's context. In accordance, we also provide implications towards fulfilling the goal of building an innovation-driven nation.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.111-122
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• 2017

This study analyzes the current state of entrepreneurship education and start-up foundations by country in order to find ways to improve the domestic entrepreneurial environment and to promote the recognition of desirable entrepreneurship practices. It also investigates the relationship between entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial will, and the level of opportunity-based entrepreneurships, by using data from the 2016 Global Entrepreneurship Trend Report (GETR). First, the results show the urgent need for the expansion of entrepreneurship education in Korea. In the GETR category of 'experience of entrepreneurship education in elementary, middle and high schools', Korea was ranked very low (19th place), among the 20 countries. In the 'college' and 'lifelong entrepreneurship education' categories, it procured a mid-level ranking (15th). While entrepreneurship education for all ages is being promoted globally, entrepreneurship education for middle-aged individuals in Korea is relatively weak. This implies that the expansion of entrepreneurship education to lifelong education and education for employees and retirees is required. Second, the individual's entrepreneurial intention in Korea was 3.8 points, implying a mid-level ranking (15th), and it ranked the lowest in terms of opportunity-based entrepreneurship (20th). In comparison to China (4.55) and the United States (4.01), the entrepreneurial intention of Koreans was found to be low. The level of opportunity-driven entrepreneurship was also found to be very low, compared to China (4.35), Japan (4.04) and the United States (4.59). In general, the proportion of the level in opportunity-driven entrepreneurship, increases from the factor-driven and efficiency-driven, to the innovation-driven type. In Korea, the percentage of entrepreneurial ventures centered around involuntary entrepreneurship and small businesses is high. It is also interpreted that opportunity-based entrepreneurships are low in number because of this high proportion of involuntary start-up and small businesses. Last, the entrepreneurial intention in all types (factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven) was exceptionally high. It has been confirmed that exposure to all entrepreneurship education (elementary, junior high, university, and lifelong education) in innovation-driven countries, greatly increases entrepreneurial intention. In the case of Korea, which is an innovation-driven country, qualitative improvement based on quantitative expansion of entrepreneurship education is expected to be a major driving force for individuals' entrepreneurial intention to obtain a mid-level ranking (15th).

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

Innovation and Scale-up of Start-up companies are becoming important national tasks. In the past, it was spread the start-up policy paradigm such as 'Start-up America', 'Start-up Chile', 'Start-up Britain' to overcome the recession globally. However as the economic recovery has become more visible recently in advanced economies, it is shifting from a start-up support policy to a scale-up oriented policy paradigm such as 'Scale-up America', Scale-up UK', 'Scale-up Denmark'. It is necessary to enter the scale-up phase beyond the start-up phase to increase the number of high-quality jobs and to continue economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to grow the start-up into a strong medium-sized company and to lay the foundation for survival. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to consider the antecedent factors that influence the scale-up aspiration for the start-up firm to grow into a scale-up company, and empirically identifies the differences between the stages of economic development and entrepreneurs in the country. In order to accomplish the purpose, this study predicted scale-up by aspiration which is a predictor of scale-up behavior because it is difficult to achieve visible growth in a short period of time due to the characteristics of start-up companies. In order to empirically explore these relationships, the data were collected from nascent entrepreneurs who have less than 3.5 years of the Adult Population Survey(APS) among the subjects surveyed by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM) and the national economic development stage are divided into Innovation-driven, Efficiency-driven, Factor-driven type economies. For the test hypotheses, this study adopted the multi-level model analysis for comparison between national economic development stages and using the R 3.5.0 program. The results of this study are as follows. There is difference between the national economic development and the entrepreneur in the relationship between innovation orientation of entrepreneurs and scale-up aspirations. As the economy of the country develops, the innovation activity of the entrepreneur becomes more active. Since start-ups are heavily influenced by entrepreneurs, there is a difference in the degree of aspiration depending on how innovative an entrepreneur is in the same environment. In terms of the relationship between innovation orientation and scale-up aspiration, the fear of failure was found to differ between national economic development and entrepreneurs. The fear of failure differ from country to country, and this is one of the important factors affecting entrepreneurial activities. It is expected that the factors influencing the growth of the start-up companies which are identified through the results of these studies, will be used to create a suitable scale-up ecosystem according to the national economic development stage.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.102-120
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• 2021

E-learning is a planned effort towards providing interactive and experiential learning having flexibility in terms of time, place, pace, participation and accessibility. Globalization has set the stage for a social transformation of the world economy driven by technological innovation, emphasizing knowledge-based processes. While the tertiary education enrolments in wealthy nations have gone up incrementally, the same cannot be said to be right about developing economies. E-Learning can streamline enrolments to higher education, in developing nations by being a cost-effective and flexible alternative. The objective of this paper is to draw attention to the similarities in the national culture of these two countries and compare students' perception on e-learning in India and Sri Lanka along eight dimensions viz., viability, dependability, flexibility, inclusivity, power, pertinence, challenge and equitability. The results reveal that e-learning is equally popular among students from both countries, and they have a high perception score towards e-learning on each of the measured eight dimensions. Hence results are indicative of an opportunity of tapping the potential of e-learning in reaching out to a broader audience of underprivileged students and onboarding them into the knowledge economy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.190-199
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• 2019

South Korea has achieved impressive economic growth relatively quickly by focusing on export-driven policies and economies of scale in the process of industrialization. As the country's economic development policy focused on large corporations, however, a power and wealth imbalance developed between SMEs and large corporations. The purpose of this study is to clarify this issue academically and more clearly through theoretical studies and empirical analysis in order to resolve these imbalances and improve the positive relationship between SMEs and large corporations. To this end, a survey was conducted from December 17, 2018 to January 28, 2019, and a total of 378 questionnaires collected from corporate workers were used for the final analysis. The hypotheses confirmed by the study results were as following. First, the factors directly affecting the competitor's orientation were the trust, entrepreneurship, and innovation capability of the entrepreneurial characteristics. Second, when the characteristics of the company were examined from the perspective of cooperative performance, only the innovation capacity factor had a positive effect. Third, the competitor orientation showed a positive effect on cooperative performance. Fourth, competitor orientation had a statistically significant mediating effect on the relationship between trust, entrepreneurship, innovation capability, and cooperative performance.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.2 s.119
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• pp.280-294
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• 2007

This paper aims to examine the ways in which the Singaporean government has promoted the "global city" imaging strategy as a means for marketing Singapore. Since the 1990s, Singapore has pursued a place-marketing strategy that aims at imaging itself as a "creative", "culturally vibrant" and "cosmopolitan" global city by utilizing various cultural, tourist and spatial policy measures. It argues that the Singaporean government has promoted this particular imaging strategy under a broader economic resoucturing program, aiming at transforming the Singapore's economy into a "knowledge-driven" one, under which the attraction of international knowledge workers is seen as crucial for the competitiveness and innovation. This paper also discusses the limitations of this strategy, focusing on growing tensions between the global and the local in the Singaporean society and the ways in which the authoritarian and top-down nature of governance have restricted the genuine development of the "culturally vibrant" environment in Singapore.