• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2001

The wide deep penetrating wound of maxillofacial region should be early closed under emergency general anesthesia for the prevention of complications of bleeding, infection, shock & residual scars. But, if the emergency general anesthesia wound be impossible because of pneumoconiosis, obstructive pulmonary disease & hypovolemic shock, early primary closure should be done under local anesthesia by use of much amount of the anesthetic solution. The maximum dose of dental lidocaine (2% lidocaine with 1 : 100,000 epinephrine) is reported to 7 mg/kg under 500 mg (13.8 ampules) in normal adult. But the maximum permissible dose of dental lidocaine can be changed owing to the general health, rapidity of injection, resorption, distribution & excretion of the drug. The blood level of overdose toxicity is above $4.0{\mu}g/ml$ in central nervous & cardiovascular system. The injection of dental lidocaine 1-4 ampules is attained to the blood level of $1{\mu}g/ml$ in normal healthy adult. The duration of anesthetic action in the dental 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with 1 : 100.000 epinephrine is 45 to 75 minutes and the period to elimination is about 2 to 4 hours. Therefore, authors selected the following anesthetic methods that the first injection of 6 ampules is applied into the deeper periosteal layer for anesthetic action during 1 hour, the second injection into the deeper muscle & fascial layer, the third injection into the superficial muscle and fascial layer, the fourth injection into the proximal skin & subcutaneous tissue and the fifth final injection into the distal skin & subcutaneous tissue. The total 26-28 ampules of dental lidocaine were injected into the wound as the regular time interval during 5-6 hours, but there were no systemic complications, such as, agitation, talkativeness, convulsion and specific change of vital signs and consciousness.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.89-94
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• 2013

Background: Various strategies have been studied to reduce the propofol injection pain. This study was designed to find out effect-site target concentration (Ce) of remifentanil at which there was a 50% probability of preventing the propofol injection pain (EC50). Methods: Anesthesia was induced with a remifentanil TCI (Minto model). The Ce of remifentanil for the first patient started from 2.0 ng/ml. The Ce of remifentanil for each subsequent patient was determined by the response of the previous patient by Dixon up-and-down method with the interval of 0.5 ng/ml. After the remifentanil reached target concentrations, propofol was administered via a target-controlled infusion system based on a Marsh pharmacokinetic model using a TCI device (Orchestra$^{(R)}$; Fresenius-Vial, Brezins, France). The dose of propofol was effect site target-controlled infusion (TCI) of $3{\mu}g/ml$. Results: The EC50 of remifentanil to prevent the propofol injection pain was $1.80{\pm}0.35ng/ml$ by Dixon's up and down method. Conclusions: The EC50 of remifentanil to blunt the pain responses to propofol injection was $1.80{\pm}0.35ng/ml$ for propofol TCI anesthesia.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2023

Background: Acromioclavicular (AC) osteoarthritis (OA) is a frequent pathology of the shoulder in elderly patients. Drug injection plays an important role in treatment of AC OA. Literature has demonstrated excellent short-term results regarding shoulder function and pain. However, mid- to long-term results are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a single intra-articular AC injection in patients with AC OA and to identify predictive factors for success. Methods: A retrospective study was performed to analyze success rate, shoulder function, and pain perception after a single intra-articular injection in patients with AC OA. Success was defined as the absence of reinterventions such as additional injection or surgery. Outcome measures were 1-year success rate and clinical outcome scores of Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, Oxford Shoulder Score, and Subjective Shoulder Value. Results: Ninety-eight patients participated in this study. At a median final follow-up of 0.8 years (interquartile range, 0-6), 57 of these patients (58%) had undergone a reintervention. The 1-year success rate was 47% (95% confidence interval, 37%-57%), with NRS at rest as the sole factor significantly associated with success. Thirty patients not requiring reintervention reported significant improvement from baseline for all reported outcome measures at final follow-up. Conclusions: AC injections offer a 1-year success rate of 47%. The AC injection produces good mid- to long-term clinical outcomes regarding shoulder function, quality of life, and pain perception in one-third of patients. Further research is essential to analyze mid- to long-term outcomes of AC injections.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.715-725
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• 1994

The objective of this research is to develop a cost model for integrated CAD system. A computerized system realizing this model then is used to aid designers. The first area is to propose a conceptual framework of a multilevel cost model. The methodology of constructing the model is discussed. Then suggestion of an object oriented programming technique for implementing the model is presented. Complicate estimation procedure can be systematically handled by this technique. Interval analysis to deal with the uncertainty of information and decision during design process is used. An experimentation algorithm for calculating the cost distribution is proposed to overcome the shortcoming of interval analysis. Major focus of this research is on net shape manufacturing processes including die casting, injection molding, and metal forming.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.321-323
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• 1995

Observations were recorded regarding various fertility parameters on 26 Jersey donor cows following superovulation under tropical conditions. These cows, in their mid-luteal phase were treated with 2,500-3,000 i.u. PMSG or 28-40 mg FSH followed by $500{\mu}g$ $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ injection 48-60 hours later, to induce oestrus. The cows were bred artificially twelve hours following standing oestrus. Embryo collection was carried out 7 days after oestrus. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ was injected to each donor cow after embryo recovery to regress the corpora lutea. Fertility data($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$-Oestrus interval, services per conception, days between embryo collection and successful service and any pathololgical condition) were recorded. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$-Oestrus interval and correlation (r) between number of corpora lutea and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$-Oestrus interval were $30.9{\pm}6.3$ and 0.17, respectively. Of 26 treated donors, 19 conceived within a period of $91.7{\pm}18.8$ days after embryo recovery. Average services per conception were $2.3{\pm}0.3$. Only two cows developed metritis which conceived after treatment with antibiotics. These observations indicated no profound adverse effect of superovulation on subsequent reproduction of donor cows, except some effect on services per conception, under tropical conditions.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 2020

In this study, the effects of groundwater artificial recharge through vertical wells in the upper small basin are preliminarily evaluated by using field injection test and a 3-D numerical model. The injection rate per well in a model is set to 20, 37.5, 60, and 75 ㎥/day based on the results of field injection test, groundwater levels, and hydraulic conductivities estimated from particle size analysis, and a numerical model using MODFLOW is conducted for 28 cases, which have diverse injection intervals, in order to estimated the changes of groundwater level and water balance after injection. Groundwater level after injection does not show a linear relationship with the injection rate per well, and the cumulative effect of artificial recharge decreases and the timing of maximum water level rise is shortened as the injection interval becomes longer. In four cases of continuous injection with total injection rate of 1,200 ㎥, it is revealed that the recharge effect is analyzed as 36.5~65.3% of the original injection rate. However, it will be more effective if the artificial recharge system combined with underground barrier is introduced for the longer pumping during a long and severe drought. Additionally, it will be possible to build a stable artificial recharge system by an establishment of efficient scenario from recharge to pumping as well as an optimization of recharge facilities.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.15 no.4 s.48
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• pp.277-283
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• 2006

In this study, butane 100% was used as fuel to verify the real fuel effect such as vapor pressure variation due to temperature change. A MPI fuel injection system for V-6 engine, which has reverse 'L' type cross section to minimize the possibility of liquid phase injection, was composed and one bank was operated under sequential injection scheme. Flow rate were measured according to injection duration, interval, and pressure. Also occurring of liquid phase injection was monitored with varying vaporizer and fuel rail temperature. The result shows that basic characteristics of injection is a relatively difference between air and LPG injection. Under cold start condition, however, the occurrence of liquid injection becomes more severe as the pressure increases, and sufficiently high temperature both in vaporizer and fuel rail is very important to insure gaseous injection. In addition, the temperature of vaporizer plays more important role in keeping LPG vapor state and the reverse 'L' type cross section of the rail is available to prevent liquid injection.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.130-132
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• 1962

A new method of evaluating the mixing time in the continuous flow stirred tank is herein proposed. Experimental results to test the concept are also presented.The mixing time is defined as the time interval between the injection of a slug of an electrolyte solution into the tank and the moment at which an essentially straight line begins on a plot of the conductivity of effluent versus time.The proposed method of measuring the mixing time is valid even for the low mixing time (5 seconds) and the results obtained agree well with previous work, where the mixing time measurements were carried out by the injection of a dye into the feed stream.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.166-176
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• 2003

Objective : The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of 15Hz electroacupuncture(EA) on carrageenan-injected rats. Inflammation was induced by an intraplantar injection of 1% carrageenan into the right hind paw. Methods : Bilateral EA stimulation with 15 Hz were delivered at those acupoints corresponding to Zusanli and Sanyinjiao in man via the needles for a total of 30 min duration in carrageenan-injected rats. Results: The developing edema was measured 30 minutes interval afer carrageenan injection and 15 Hz EA stimulation presented significant edema inhibition. Three hours after carrageenan injection, prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ and nitric oxide(NO) levels were measured. The 15Hz EA stimulation significantly inhibited $PGE_2$ and NO production in the right paw. The pro-inflammatory mRNA expression such as cyclooxygenases(COX)-2 and interleukin(IL)-$1{\beta}$ were slightly down-regulated by EA stimulation. The number of COX-2, IL-$1{\beta}$, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ immunoreactive cells were abundantly observed in paw edema. But these cells were decreased in nmber according to anti-edema effect of 15Hz EA. Conclusions: These results indicate that 15Hz EA stimulation have an alleviation action against carrageenan-induced edema and local inflammation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2004

To evaluate the durability of direct injection diesel engine using biodiesel fuel, a small D. I. diesel engine was operated on a blend(BDF 20) of 20％ biodiesel fuel and 80％ diesel fuel for 200 hours. Engine dynamometer test was performed at a load of 90％ and a speed of 1900 rpm to monitor the engine performance and exhaust emissions. Engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions were sampled at 1 hour interval for analysis. The combustion maximum pressure and the crank angle at this maximum pressure as a combustion variation factor were considered to study the combustion characteristics of BDF 20 in diesel engine during durability test. As the results, the standard deviations and errors of combustion variation factors on BDF 20 were very little and combustion characteristics were very stable during the durability test. BDF 20 resulted in lower emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and smoke emissions with special increase of nitrogen oxides compared to diesel fuel. There was no also unusual change in engine oil composition from using BDF 20. Most of engine parts were clean and showed little wear, but soots were detected around the hole of fuel injector when BDF 20 was used in direct injection diesel engine for 200 hours.