• Clean Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2014

Batch adsorption studies were carried out for equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for quinoline yellow adsorption by granular activated carbon ($8{\times}30mesh$, $1,578m^2/g$) with varying the operating variables like initial concentration, contact time and temperature. Equilibrium adsorption data were fitted into Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. From estimated Langmuir constant ($R_L=0.0730{\sim}0.0854$), Freundlich constant (1/n = 0.2077~0.2268), this process could be employed as effective treatment for removal of quinoline yellow. From calculated Temkin constant (B = 15.759~21.014 J/mol) and Dubinin-Radushkevich constant (E = 1.0508~1.1514 kJ/mol), this adsorption process is physical adsorption. From kinetic experiments, the adsorption process were found to confirm to the pseudo second order model with $r^2$ > 0.99 for all concentrations and temperatures. Thermodynamic parameters like activation energy, change of free energy, enthalpy, and entropy were also calculated to predict the nature adsorption. The activation energy value (+35.137 kJ/mol) and enthalpy change (35.03 kJ/mol) indicated endothermic nature of the adsorption process. Entropy change (+134.38 J/mol K) showed that increasing disorder in process. Free energy change found that the spontaneity of process increased with increasing adsorption temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.335-342
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• 2009

Forty-two percent of the patients with renal failure that requires continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) have been reported to have severe malnutrition, and preexisting malnutrition is a statistically significant and independent predictor of negative hospital outcomes. We performed this study to evaluate the appropriateness of the calorie and protein provided for the critically ill patients who require CRRT. One hundred forty-nine patients who received CRRT were enrolled. The demographic data, the length of the ICU stay and the mortality were recorded. The calorie/protein intake and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin and creatinine levels were used as nutritional parameters. The mean daily calorie intake during CRRT was 16.1${\pm}$7.4 kcal/kg, which was 64% of the recommended intake. Only 10% of the patients received the recommended caloric intake and the ratio of the enteral and parenteral calories was 26%/74%. The mean protein intake was 0.58${\pm}$0.34 g/kg, which was 38% of the recommended intake. The calorie and protein intakes at the termination of CRRT were significantly increased compared to the initial day of treatment, but they stayed under the recommended intake. The BUN, creatinine and albumin levels were significantly increased in the survival group (odds ratio for albumin: 2.73; creatinine: 2.43). A strategy to increase the nutrition provision is needed to improve the nutritional statuses and clinical outcomes of the critically ill patients who require CRRT.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.323-328
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• 2020

Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), a calcium-dependent zinccontaining collagenase, is involved in the initial degradation of native fibrillar collagen. Tissue necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is rapidly produced by dermal fibroblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and keratinocytes and regulates inflammation and damaged-tissue remodeling. MMP-1 is induced by TNFα and plays a critical role in tissue remodeling and skin aging processes. However, the regulation of the MMP1 gene by TNFα is not fully understood. We aimed to find additional cis-acting elements involved in the regulation of TNFα-induced MMP1 gene transcription in addition to the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP1) sites. Assessments of the 5'-regulatory region of the MMP1 gene, using a series of deletion constructs, revealed the requirement of the early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1)-binding sequence (EBS) in the proximal region for proper transcription by TNFα. Ectopic expression of EGR-1, a zinc-finger transcription factor that binds to G-C rich sequences, stimulated MMP1 promoter activity. The silencing of EGR-1 by RNA interference reduced TNFα-induced MMP-1 expression. EGR-1 directly binds to the proximal region and transactivates the MMP1 gene promoter. Mutation of the EBS within the MMP1 promoter abolished EGR-1-mediated MMP-1 promoter activation. These data suggest that EGR-1 is required for TNFα-induced MMP1 transcriptional activation. In addition, we found that all three MAPKs, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 kinase, mediate TNFα-induced MMP-1 expression via EGR-1 upregulation. These results suggest that EGR-1 may represent a good target for the development of pharmaceutical agents to reduce inflammation-induced MMP-1 expression.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.141-146
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• 2005

Ship have cutout inner bottom and girder and floor etc. Ship's structure is used much, and structure strength must be situated, but establish new concept when high stress interacts sometimes fatally the area. There is no big problem usually by aim of weight reduction, a person and change of freight, piping etc. Because cutout's existence grow up in this place, and, elastic buckling strength by load causes large effect in ultimate strength. Therefore, stiffened perforated plate considering buckling strength and ultimate strength is one of important design criteria which must examine when decide structural concept at initial design. Therefore, and, reasonable buckling strength about perforated stiffened plate need to ultimate strength limited design . Calculated ultimate strength varied several web height and cutout's dimension, and thickness in this investigated data. Used program(ANSYS) applied F.E.A code based on finite element method.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1994

Presently there is an increasing demand for home health care services due to changes in the demographic structure as a result of an increasing elderly population, socio-economic improvements, and changes in the family structure, as well as the growing number of people with degenerative diseases. In addition to these reasons, rising medical costs and there a shortage of patient beds space in the hospital, particularly since introduction of national medical insurance. There has been an increasing demand for health care health care services. This study was done to identify the basic data for home health care management. It focused on developing client selection criteria, assessment tools, and recording methods. This was accomplished by the researchers visiting the patients in their homes. The research process included preparation investigation, tool development, training of the project researcher, and visiting the clients in their homes. The research tools are as follows : 1. Record development : a) The selection criteria tool for home health care of postpartum women was a structured tool and consisted of four parts. b) The structured assessment tool consisted of a general items, obstetric history, past medical history, methods of feeding, medications taken before admission, laboratory test results, discharge instructions, discharge medications, family tree, economic status, environmental status, a map, health assessment of postpartum women and their newborns. c) The visit note I consisted of the frequency of visits. Visit note II consisted of the date ; nursing problems ; nursing process including the initial assessment ; nursing goal ; visit plan ; postpartum women and their neonate health status, diagnosis, goal, implementation, evaluation, summary, next plan, for visit revision. d) Problem note consisted of the date, problem numbers, nursing diagnosis, problem appearance date problem resolution date. The research results are as follows : 1. Nursing problems : The nursing problems of the postpartum women and their neonates were evaluated by the number of nursing diagnoses and the change in the pattern of nursing diagnosis related to the number of visits. a) Nursing diagnosis The nursing diagnosis was classified according to physical function, psychosocial function, family system maintained function. b) The changes of nursing diagnosis related to the number of visits. As the type of nursing diagnosis changed related to the number of visits the number of nursing diagnoses decreased. 2. Contents of home health care : The content was categorized according to assessment, direct care, counseling, education, family care, reporting to with the attending doctor. The recommendations based on the research results are as follows : 1. Tool development Replication of this study is needed to test the validity of the assessment tools used. 2. Home visit a) Home health care nurses should be licensed and qualified. A referral form from the attending doctor is needed for legal protection of nurses. b) The first home visit need to be within 24 hours of discharge from the hospital to decrease the anxiety of frightened postpartum women. c) When the changes occur in the newborn's status, home health care nurses should consult a pediatrician. Communication within the home healthcare team is essential and needs to consistent and done smoothly. 3. Home health care A Study is required to develop protocols for education of staff and for operation of all aspects of this program.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 1998

Normal and abnormal follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on gonadotropins as well as intraovarian peptides, which may mediate or potentiate gonadotropin action. Inhibin also affect follicular development and steroidogenesis and may play a role in dominant follicle selection and follicular atresia. Therefore, we studied the differences of serum inhibin, gonadotropin and androgen levels in the women with only the ultrasound findings and no disorder, and polycystic ovary (PCO) with ovulatory disturbance. We prospectively analysed forty-three women with PCO. The diagnosis of PCO was based on typical appearance of the ovaries on TVS. Twelve women with regular menstrual cycle and normal ovarian morphology were selected as control. Basal levels of inhibin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol $(E_2)$, testosterone (T), androstenedione (ADD), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DS), prolactin and TSH in serum were determined. There were significant differences in basal LH levels and LH/FSH ratio between the control and the women with PCO. The basal levels of inhibin and $E_2$ in the oligo-amenorrheic PCO (N=34) were significantly higher than those in the control. There was higher negative correlation between the inhibin and T levels in the oligo-amenorrheic PCO, but, not in the regular cycling PCO. Also, there was higher positive correlation between the LH and T levels in the oligo-amenorrheic PCO, but not in the regular cycling PCO. These data presume that the initial event of PCO is elevated pituitary LH secretion. Elevated levels of LH may down-regulate LH receptors on granulosa cells and also cause hypertrophy of the thecal layer. High level of androgen secreted by the hypertrophied thecal layer may stimulate inhibin secretion from granulosa cells and can be converted to estrogen by extraovarian tissues and could serve to augment pituitary sensitivity to GnRH with a resultant secretion of more LH than FSH. Inhibin may inhibit FSH action on granulosa cell in the PCO follicle, impairing follicular development and dominant follicle selection resulted in ovulatory disturbance.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.164-167
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• 2011

Objective: There are limited data regarding the significance of elevated serum CA-125 level during IUI cycles, even though it is used widely during the initial evaluation of infertile patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of serum CA-125 levels during IUI cycles. Methods: Among the patients with controlled ovarian stimulation and IUI cycles at Seoul National University Hospital from Jan 2005 through Dec 2009, 92 cases with no identified endometriotic lesion, ovarian tumor, salpingeal lesion, or uterine myoma were selected. To compare the clinical characteristics between the pregnancy group and the non-pregnancy group, the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were used. Results: The overall pregnancy rate was 18.5% (17/92). The pregnancy group showed a higher number of follicles 16 mm in diameter ($p$=0.036), endometrial thickness ($p$ <0.001), ampules of gonadotropin ($p$=0.009), and higher body mass index ($p$=0.022) than the non-pregnancy group. No significant difference was observed in the serum CA-125 level or the proportion of patients with CA-125 exceeding 17 IU/mL between the two groups. Conclusion: The prognostic value of serum CA-125 level among infertile patients with IUI cycles is considered limited.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2014

Background: Oriental lifestyle for treating diseases has been developed and well-accepted for a long time among Koreans. Sasang Constitution theory, originated from Korean traditional medicine, suggests that medication treatment should be differentiated by each patient's body classification (So-yang [SY], So-eum [SE], Tae-yang [TY], and Tae-eum [TE]), in contrary to western medicine's theory that medication should be applied equally by disease indication without such classification. However, the pharmacotherapeutic outcomes of these theories have not been compared to date. In this study, we aimed to compare the two theories by evaluating blood pressure (BP), which is lowered as a therapeutic outcome, among hypertensive patients taking angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) or calcium channel blockers (CCBs), two most commonly used antihypertensive classes in Korea. Methods: From April 2006 to June 2012, we retrospectively collected data on hypertensive patients with Sasang Constitution classification at Kyunghee University Hospital at Gangdong, one of the East-West collaborative medical centers in Korea. We collected information on age, gender, underlying diseases, antihypertensive drugs (ARB, CCB, ARB+CCB), and BP by reviewing the electronic medical records. We excluded patients with missing blood pressure at baseline or follow-up, or those who had a change in their antihypertensive drug class during follow-up. Results: We selected a total of 573 patients (SY: 165, SE: 158, TY: 0, TE: 250). Baseline BPs were on average 139.0/82.0 mmHg for SY, 137.8/78.5 mmHg for SE, and 138.7/79.2 mmHg for TE. In all three groups, CCBs were the most prescribed, followed by combination therapy with ARB+CCB, then ARBs. BP reduction after 1 month of initial medication was significantly different among the drug classes, but not in Sasang constitutional classification (ARB [SY: -12.4/-4.7, SE: -12.3/-2.5, TE: -8.6/-1.8], CCB [SY: -12.3/-5.4, SE: -13.0/-2.3, TE: -10.8/-6.0], ARB+CCB [SY: -15.6/-6.7, SE: -18.4/-8.1, TE: -20.2/-6.7], drug [$P{\leq}0.05$/P>0.05], constitutional type [P>0.05/P>0.05]). Conclusion: We observed significant differences in reduction of blood pressure by classes of drugs (ARB+CCB>CCB>ARB) but not by Sasang constitutional classification. Therefore, current approach of antihypertensive pharmacotherapy assisted by Western medicine is appropriate for treatment of hypertension. However, further larger scale or prospective studies are required in order to confirm these results.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2011

Effect of organo nanoclay (Cloisite 30B) on the polyesterification of adipic acid (AA) with diethylene glycol(DEG) was investigated with p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA) (Br${\phi}$nsted acid) and butylchlorotin dihydroxide (Lewis acid) catalyst at 383 and 423 K. The initial [OH]/[COOH] molar ratio was two and the concentration of the catalysts in the reactants was 0.14 mol% based on the total reactants. The kinetics of the polyesterification was interpreted with the conversion data that was calculated from the acid values of the reactant-product mixture. The reaction rate of the polyesterification, which was catalyzed with p-TSA, exhibited the second-order dependency on AA concentration. When Butylchlorotin dihydroxide was used, the reaction rate revealed the first-order dependency on AA concentration. The activation energy of the reactions catalyzed with p-TSA and Butylchlorotin dihydroxide were calculated at 42.2 and 63.8 kJ/mol, respectively. Addition of 5 wt% Cloisite 30B to the reactant significantly diminished the activity of p-TSA, so the reaction rate decreased and the activation energy was calculated at 72.9 kJ/mol. Butylchlorotin dihydroxide catalyst maintained its activity regardless of the addition of Cloisite 30B to the reactant and the activation energy was calculated to 61.8 kJ/mol. Lewis acid catalyst, butylchlorotin dihydroxide, was more effective than Br${\phi}$nsted acid catalyst for the esterification of AA with DEG.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2009

To evaluate the quality of brown rice vinegar made by traditional fermentation in terms of Zymotechnic data and material content, vinegars prepared using a traditional leavening agent and yeast were compared. Amino acid, total nitrogen, free sugar, organic acid, and mineral levels were assessed, with vinegars made with initial brown rice contents of 12.36% (w/v). Vinegar made using Nuruk as fermenting agent (traditional fermentation, TF), with a brown rice content of 20% (w/v), and vinegar prepared using yeast for fermentation (control fermentation, CF), with a brown rice content of 12% (w/v) were compared. TF vinegar had a total nitrogen content about 2.0.4.6-fold that of CF vinegar. Total nitrogen in TF vinegar was 350.460 mg/100g, and in CF vinegar the level was 100.140 mg/100g. TF vinegar had more minerals, free sugars, and amino acids compared with CF vinegar. When free sugar was assessed, TF vinegar had a glucose level of 3.45 g/100g, double that of CF vinegar. Amino acid levels were five-fold higher in TF vinegar then in CF vinegar. When brown rice content was 36% (w/v), the amino acid level was $6088.22\;{\mu}g/mL$ in TF vinegar and $1194.05\;{\mu}g/mL$ in CF vinegar.