• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2010

BER at different packing ratios of bio-ring media(BRM) was tested to investigate the effect of varying hydraulic retention time (HRT) and current density on the nitrate removal and current efficiency. In the preliminary batch mode experiment of BERs, current density was applied at 2.0 A/$m^2$, 4.0 A/$m^2$, 4.8 A/$m^2$, which correspond to the designation of reactor #1, #2, #3, respectively. The reactor #2 showed a highest nitrate removal rate of 162.0 mg $NO_3{^-}$-N/L/d, and the kinetics of nitrate removal rate was defined as the Zero order reaction. In the primary experiment of BERs, four BERs packed with BRM were operated in varying HRT and current, and the packing ratios of reactor #1, #2, #3 and #4 were 0%, 8%, 16%, 24%. respectively. This results of the experiments indicated that the nitrate removal rate and current efficiency were increased significantly cause of growing of autotrophic denitrification microorganisms on the surface of cathode and media by increasing of the current density and decreasing of HRT. However, The decreasing of nitrate removal rate and current efficiencies were observed in the condition of HRT of 5.25 hr and 4.8 A/$m^2$ of current density. With more increasing current density and decreasing of HRT, the hydrogen inhibition occurred at the surface of cathode. Moreover, nitrate removal rate by autotrophic denitrification microorganisms attached on the media surface was observed to be limited by no longer increasing dissolved hydrogen concentration of each reactor. In conclusion, the highest nitrate nitrogen removal and current efficiency could be achieved when the BER was operated at the conditions of 7 hr HRT, current density of 4.0 A/$m^2$, and 16% packing ratio. And it was found that the amount of nitrate removal by microorganisms attached on the surface of cathode and media (BRM) was 178.2 mg/L and 52.2 mg/L respectively. and the amount of nitrate removal per MLVSS was 0.435 g $NO_3{^-}$-N/g $MLVSS{\cdot}d$ and 0.336 $NO_3{^-}$-N/g $MLVSS{\cdot}d$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.401-418
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• 2000

1. Production of the artificial zeolite from coal ash Coal fly ash is mainly composed of several oxides including $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$ derived from inorganic compounds remained after burning. As minor components, $Fe_2O_3$ and oxides of Mg, Ca, P, Ti (trace) are also contained in the ash. These components are presented as glass form resulting from fusion in the process of the combustion of coal. In other word, coal ash may refer to a kind of aluminosilicate glass that is known to easily change to zeolite-like materials by hydrothermal reaction. Lots of hot seawater is disposing near thermal power plants after cooling turbine generator periodically. Using seawater in the hydrothermal reaction caused to produce low price artificial zeolite by reduction of sodium hydroxide consumption, heating energy and water cost. As coal ash were reacted hydrothermally, peaks of quartz and mullite in the ash were weakened and disappeared, and new Na-Pl peaks were appeared strengthily. Si-O-Si bonding of the bituminous coal ash was changed to Si-O-Al (and $Fe^{3+}$) bonding by the reaction. Therefore the produced Na-Pl type zeolite had high CEC of 276.7 $cmol^+{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and well developed molecular sieve structure with low concentration of heavy metals. 2. Utilization of the artificial zeolite in agro-environment The artificial zeolite(1g) could remove 123.5 mg of zinc, 164.7 mg copper, 184.4 mg cadmium and 350.6 mg lead in the synthetic wastewater. The removability is higher 2.8 times in zinc, 3.3 times in copper, 4.7 times in cadmium and 4.8 times in lead than natural zeolite and charcoal powder. When the heavy metals were treated at the ratio of 150 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ to the rice plant, various growth inhibition were observed; brownish discoloration and death of leaf sheath, growth inhibition in culm length, number of panicles and grains, grain ripening and rice yield. But these growth inhibition was greatly alleviated by the application of artificial zeolite, therefore, rice yield increased $1.1{\sim}3.2$ times according to the metal kind. In addition, the concentration of heavy metals in the brown rice also lowered by $27{\sim}75%$. Artificial Granular Zeolites (AGZ) was developed for the purification of wastewater. Canon exchange capacity was 126.8 $cmol^+{\cdot}kg^{-1}$. AGZ had Na-Pl peaks mainly with some minor $C_3S$ peaks in X-ray diffractogram. In addition, AGZs had various pore structure that may be adhere the suspended solid and offer microbiological niche to decompose organic pollutants. AGZ could remove ammonium, orthophosphate and heavy metals simultaneously. Mixing ratio of artificial zeolite in AGZs was related positively with removal efficiency of $NH_4\;^+$ and negatively with that of $PO_4\;^{3-}$. Root growth of rice seedling was inhibited severely in the mine wastewater because of strong acidity and high concentration of heavy metals. As AGZ(1 kg) stayed in the wastewater(100L) for 4days, water quality turned into safely for agricultural usage and rice seedlings grew normally.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.212-220
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• 1995

An obligatory type II methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b was cultivated on methanol as a sole carbon and energy source. The effects of methanol concentration, pH, temperature, nitrogen source and phosphate concentration on cell growth were investigated and the results were compared with the growth on methane, which had been studied previously. When $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ was used as a nitrogen source, the maximal specific growth rate (${\mu}max$) on methanol was $0.20hr^{-1}$ and the carbon conversion efficiency(CCE) was 43%. In comparison, on methane, ${\mu}max$ and CCE were $0.08hr^{-1}$ and 32%, respectively. Ammonia was found to be a better nitrogen source for methanol-growing cells. Cell yield on nitrogen (YX/N) was the same regardless of nitrogen source as 7.14g dry cells/g N, but the yield on methanol(YX/N) was higher with ammonia(0.8g dry cells/g MeOH) than with nitrate(0.64g dry cells/g MeOH). Optimal pH and temperature were 7.0 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Methanol inhibition on cell growth was observed at above 0.5%(v/v). Inhibition by phosphate was observed at above 60mM, although the inhibition on methanol dehydrogenase activity started at a much lower level of 20mM. Based on the experimental findings, the cellular physiology of M. trichosporium OB3b growing on the two closely-related carbon sources were discussed extensively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

The seeding sources and concentration of ammonia on anaerobic digestion were investigated by batch culture bioreactors. The sources of seeding on anaerobic digestion were from swine wastewater collection pit of a hog raising farm and from anaerobic digestion sludge of a municipal sewage treatment plant. The inhibition of ammonia on anaerobic microorganisms was initiated at ammonia concentration of $1,500\;mgNH_4-N/L$ and it's effect was increased by increased by increasing ammonia concentration up to $3,500\;mgNH_4-N/L$ regardless the sources of seeding as evidenced by decreases in COD removal efficiencies and biogas yields. The inhibition occurred to not only methanogens but also acidogens since the concentration of volatile fatty acids was maintained at 50 mg/L The COD removal efficiency and biogas yield were Maintained constantly while increasing ammonia concentration up to $3,500\;mgNH_4-N/L$ when swine wastewater collection pit was used as a seeding; however, those were decreased while increasing ammonia concentration when anaerobic digestion sludge was used as a seeding. The results indicate that the seeding acclimated to high concentrations of ammonia for long time was easy in adaptation to high ammonia concentration and less subjective to ammonia inhibitory effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.84-89
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• 2005

Mongolian dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum H.) extracted with solvents having different polarities were prepared to investigate protection activity of gastric mucosa. Ethanol extracts were successively reextracted with methylene chloride, and n-butanol. Concentrations of total flavonoids and luteolin in n-butanol extracts were 27.75 and 1.14%, respectively, much higher than those of other solvent extracts. Results of anti-microbial acitivity test against Helicobacter pylori and urease inhibition test revealed n-butanol extract exerted higher inhibition (13.16%) than other solvent extracts. Based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, n-butanol extract showed the highest efficiency of free radical-scavenger activity among the extracts ($SC_{50}\;47{\mu}g/mL$). Erythrocytic photohemolysis tests, for the protection of cell membrane showed that half-life of human erythrocytes was increased by the addition of n-butanol extract $({\tau}_{50}=172min;C=5.0{\mu}g/mL)$. These results indicate n-butanol extract of Mongolian dandelion may be useful as a adjuvant for gastric diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.1198-1205
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• 2000

Effect of inhibitions of three kinds of Ginkgo biloba extracts(Ginkgo biloba extract, Ginkgolide A, and Ginkgolide B) on induction of reactive oxygen species and release of inflammation mediator arachidonic acid were tested. Three kinds of Ginkgo biloba extracts could not inhibit the pyrogallol auto-oxidation, but they showed the hydrogen atom donating activity in DPPH assay. When 10 ${\mu}M$ hydrogen peroxide and 400 ${\mu}g/mL$ of three kinds of Ginkgo biloba extracts were added to U937 monocytic macrophage, the induction of lipid peroxidation was not observed. The Ginkgo biloba extract showed the most powerful inhibition among the extracts. And only Ginkgolide A was good for the inhibition of the protein degradation. The release of inflammation mediator arachidonic acid was induced by adding TPA and calcimycin to U937. In this assay, even 10 ${\mu}g/mL$ of three different Ginkgo biloba extracts excellently blocked the release of arachidonic acid. Particularly, the inhibition efficiency of Ginkgolide B was about 11 times higher than that of induction, and was about 4 times higher than that of the control of noninduction. This result suggests that the release of arachidonic acid is not inhibited by the antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba extracts, but a pre-step of the release of arachidoinc acid is inhibited by Ginkgo biloba extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2018

The object of this study was to measure the bioactivity and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity of peel from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus (GJE) in Namhae Korea. The amount of phytic acid was also determined. Extraction was performed using three solvents, CM (choloform:methanol, 2:1, v/v), n-butanol and 70% ethanol. To investigate by the solvent extract of total phenol content and value as a functional food ingredient of GJE peel through nitrogen oxide scavenging activity, antioxidant activity, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition were performed. The bioactivities of the extract solvents increased significantly with increasing concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL, p<0.05). The total phenol contents of GJE peel extracts were highest in CM ($39.74{\pm}0.15mg\;CAE/g$) extract. The order of total phenol contents, antioxidant activity and reducing power of the solvents in the GJE peel were the same, in the analysis of nitrogen oxides scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition, it was confirmed the results were inconsistent. As a result, the GJE peel showed excellent bioactivities. Considering the extraction yield and various physiological activities, it is considered that efficiency is better when extracted from CM and 70% ethanol extracts.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.673-680
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• 2013

Phosphorus accumulating microorganisms (PAOs) are influenced by various environmental factors and heavy metals. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of the selected heavy metals on the growth and phosphorus removal capacity of Bacillus sp. 3434 BRRJ, Pseudomonas aerunogisa, and Bacillus Subtilis, well known as PAOs. The heavy metals used in this study included Cu, Cd, As, and Zn. The $IC_{50}$ (median inhibition concentration) values of Bacillus sp. 3434 BRRJ for the Cu, Cd, As, and Zn were 8.07 mg $L^{-1}$, 0.18 mg $L^{-1}$, 73.62 mg $L^{-1}$ and 0.25 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of Pseudomonas aerunogisa for the Cu, Cd, As, and Zn were 4.45 mg $L^{-1}$, 0.16 mg $L^{-1}$, 18.51 mg $L^{-1}$ and 2.34 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of Bacillus Subtilis for the Cu, Cd, As, and Zn were 3.81 mg $L^{-1}$, 0.18 mg $L^{-1}$, 11.31 mg $L^{-1}$ and 0.47 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The phosphorus removal efficiencies of the three bacteria, Bacillus sp. 3434 BRRJ, Pseudomonas aerunogisa, and Bacillus subtilis were 93.12%, 71.81%, and 65.31%, respectively. Based on the results of the three PAOs obtained from the study, it appears that Bacillus sp. 3434BRRJ may have the best results in terms of their growth rate and P removal efficiencies.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.5-10
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• 2002

Pistia stratiotes(Water Lettuce) can be applied to remove inorganic pollutants from the wastewater for the advanced treatment. This study attempts to remove heavy metals from the secondary treated wastewater. Three different initial concentrations of heavy metals were applied as 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L for Lead(Pb) and Chromium(Cr(VI)). In addition, the removal efficiency for the mixture of Lead and Chromium was also observed. The removal efficiency of Pb was in the range of 41.0~72.0% for Pb and it was in the range of 25.0~30.0% for Cr(VI) by Pistia stratiotes. The plants placed in static systems were able to remove the heavy metals in a few days of exposure. However, it was observed that the heavy metals affected produce phytotoxic effects on plants resulting in inhibition of chlorophyl synthesis, decrease in biomass production, and finally plant necrosis. The removal efficiencies of Pb and Cr(VI) by Pistia stratiotes were increased with plant growth.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2017

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of Bangkibokryeong-tang (BBT, Fangjifuling-tang) on blood glucose and body fat in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Methods The experimental animals were divided into five groups- normal diet-fed control (ND), high-fat diet-fed control (HFD), HFD+BBT 75, HFD+BBT 150, and HFD+olistat as a positive drug control group. Markers of obesity, such as body weight, organ weight, diet efficiency, and serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid content, leptin, adiponectin, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT)/glutamic pyruvic transferase (GPT)/lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood glucose, and insulin, were measured. Furthermore, results of the oral glucose tolerance test and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibition activity were examined in obese mice. Results Mice treated with BBT demonstrate lower body and organ weight, and reduced weight gain and food efficiency than that in the HFD-only control group. In addition, BBT decreased lipid accumulation in the liver and the levels of enzymes such as GOT, GPT, and LDH in the serum. Furthermore, the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and leptin were decreased in the serum but the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and adiponectin were increased in the BBT-treated group compared with the control group. The BBT-treated group also demonstrated decreased blood glucose and insulin concentrations induced by feeding on a high-fat diet and improved glucose tolerance. Conclusions Based on the results above, BBT may reduce body fat and hyperglycemia in HFD-induced obesity. This suggests that BBT may be clinically useful in the treatment of obesity.