• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of dental hygienists in different regions about credit bank system and their needs for that. The subjects in this study were 312 dental hygienists in dental hospitals and clinics in Seoul, Gyeonggi province, metropolitan cities, Gangweon province and Gyeongsang province. After a survey was conducted in 2008, the collected data were analyzed with SPSS 11.5 program. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. In regard to perception of the credit bank system, 68.3 percent of the dental hygienists were cognizant of that. The dental hygienists from most of the geographic areas were aware of it, but all the forty three dental hygienists from Gangweon province who accounted for 13.8 percent didn't know about that. As for media by which they acquired information on that, many of the dental hygienists learned about it from their acquaintances (46.2%), but that was not the case for the dental hygienists from Seoul and Gyeonggi province. 2. As for expectations for the credit bank system, those from Gyeongsang province had the greatest expectations for that in six out of nine items, which included academic or job performance improvement, acquisition of credits, degree or certificates and access to new technology. 3. Concerning educational spending on the credit bank system, 18.9 percent and 8.7 percent from Seoul/Gyeonggi province and Gangweon province spent less than 30 thousand won, and 19.9 percent from the metropolitan cities spent 30 thousand to less than 50 thousand won. 4. As for the importance of the categories of their major in the credit bank system, those from Gangweon province attached the most importance to oral health education ($3.56{\pm}1.259$), and the dental hygienists from the metropolitan cities put the most stress on preventive treatment ($3.64{\pm}1.191$).

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.250-293
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• 2021

Limestone areas are sedimentary rock outcrops consisting of calcium carbonate created several hundreds of millions of years ago by calcium-secreting marine organisms and subsequently lifted above sea level by tectonic movement. Limestone areas support very high levels of endemic species of plants and are recognized as biodiversity areas with much biological information. The purpose of this study is to devise a strategy for the comprehensive conservation of the vegetation of limestone areas through analyses of the floristics and plant species compositions in ten limestone areas on the Korean Peninsula. The results of 153 field surveys from April of 2010 to October of 2016 identified 1,202 taxa in total, representing 1,096 species, 18 subspecies, 84 varieties, 2 forms, and 2 hybrids in 530 genera and 133 families. Among them, 55 taxa were endemic plants to Korea, and 38 taxa were red data plants. The floristic target plants amounted to 102 taxa, specifically 27 taxa of grade V and 75 taxa of grade IV. In all, 121 alien plants were recorded in the investigated area. Calciphilous plants amounted to 102 taxa, specifically 14 taxa of calciphilous indicator plants, 30 taxa of superlative most calciphilous plants, and 58 taxa of comparative more calciphilous plants. A cluster analysis showed a high degree of similarity between sites that are geographically adjacent with similar habitat environments. Limestone areas also supported groups distinct from those in non-limestone areas, demonstrating the specificity of limestone flora. Plant geography approaches therefore appear to be crucial to gain a better understanding of the level of biodiversity in limestone areas, not only at the interspecific but also at the intraspecific level. These results highlight the importance of protecting limestone habitats to preserve not only their interspecific but also the intraspecific diversity, which is highly threatened.

• The Journal of KAIRB
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-16
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• 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of pediatric assent in nationwide hospitals and to assess the children's comprehension for pediatric assent by interviewing pediatricians/pediatric neurologists to determine whether children of the age (elementary and middle school students) can understand the purpose, risks, benefits, and concepts of voluntary participation in clinical research described in the assent form, and to help improve the administrative efficiency of multicenter clinical trials. Methods: The status of pediatric assent was surveyed online using Google Forms at 141 university hospitals with administrative staff who are members of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) administrative staff subcommittee with in Korean Association of Institutional Review Boards (KAIRB). Additionally, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 7 pediatricians/pediatric neurologists. Survey and interview responses were summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: Out of the 141 institutions surveyed, 35 institutions (24.8%) responded. Among them, 30 institutions (85.7%) reported having age criteria for acquiring pediatric assent forms in the case of children. The age range for pediatric assent acquisition have been from 7 years old to 12 years old (15 institutions, 50%), and from 7 years old to 15 years old (7 institutions, 23.3%). Nine institutions (25.7%) have had criteria for obtaining both parents' consent in cases involving the participation of children. Nineteen institutions (54.3%) have had checklists or guidelines available for use by IRB members in study protocols involving vulnerable research subjects. Three pediatricians/pediatric neurologists have believed that upper-grade elementary school students (5th-6th grade) could comprehensively understand informed consent forms. Two have believed that middle school students would be able to understand them if they included personal information. Two pediatricians/pediatric neurologists have believed that even lower-grade elementary school students (1st-4th grade) could understand the explanations if they were made simpler. Conclusion: It is suggested that not only elementary school students (7-12 years old) but also middle school students (13-15 years old) should receive pediatric assent forms, as it would facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the forms. To enhance the comprehension of assent form content, it is necessary to use age-appropriate words, language, and expressions in the forms hospital. It is also recommended to create comics or videos to make the content of the assent forms more accessible for children.

• Journal of the Korea society of information convergence
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.23-44
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• 2013

First, the average scores of personal financial management ability in the college students' financial management attitude were 72.24 for male and 71.65 for female, so that male students showed a little higher score than female. College students who had an experience of opening a bank account and who kept a record of spending revealed higher scores. Those whose parents were elementary or middle school graduates unfolded the highest score, 73.67, and the lowest score, 63.35, from those whose parents had M.A. or Ph.D. The average scores of personal financial management ability in the college students' financial management knowledge indicated almost no difference with 63.26 for male and 63.35 for female. Only whether they had an experience of opening a bank account, keeping a record of spending, or a credit card revealed score differences. Depending on the students' majors, there were also score differences. Students from engineering department came up with the highest score, an average of 66.88, and students from art & physical education department with the lowest score, 53.39, in the financial management knowledge. The personal financial management ability in the college students' financial management function showed that the score of male students was a little higher than that of female, 64.26 versus 63.58. Students who kept a record of spending and whose parents' income was between three million won and four million won marked the highest score, an average of 65.26, and students whose parents' income was below two million won marked the lowest score, an average of 60.43, in the college students' financial management function. There were score differences in the college students' financial management function depending on the students' majors. Students from engineering department came up with the highest score, an average of 69.67, and students from public health department with the lowest score, 63.21.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.229-240
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• 2020

In this study, the results of fish assemblage survey for 16 reservoirs in the Yeongsan·Seomjin-River watershed were presented with fish assemblage characteristics analysis in relation to reservoir size. The survey method including number of sampling sites was followed the "Biomonitoring survey and assessment manual" of the Ministry of Environment/National Institute of Environmental Research (MOE/NIER), and the reservoirs were categorized as three size groups, small, medium or large reservoirs, based on the MOE/NIER as well. Total 13 family classified into 44 species were collected from 2018 (7 reservoirs) to 2019 (9 reservoirs), and the dominant and subdominant species were Hemiculter eigenmanni (Relative abundance, RA, 32.9%) and Lepomis macrochirus (RA, 31.4%), respectively. As a result of the analysis in relation to the reservoir size, the average (±standard deviation) number of species of the small, medium and large reservoirs were 11±2.9, 14.3±2.1, 22.7±0.6, respectively, which showed positive correlation with the reservoir size. Total 6 fish assemblage characteristics(number of species, number of individuals, richness index, herbivorous fish ratio, carnivorous fish ratio, exotic fish ratio) showed significant differences between the each reservoir size groups (P<0.05). As a result of cluster analysis, 16 reservoirs were clustered into 5 groups with 60% similarity, and the each reservoirs seems to be clustered depends on the distance from each other, watershed and their historical geology rather than size. These results are baseline information for the understanding of fish assemblage in Korean reservoirs, important for establishing management policy of reservoirs in the Yeongsan·Seomjin-River watershed.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2011

Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the effects of physical illness on depression in North Korean Defectors. Methods: One hundred forty-four North Korean Defectors(20 males, 124 females) and 376 South Koreans 133 males, 243 females) in Incheon Metropolitan areas participated the present study. Face-to-face interview was conducted for demographic information including presence of physical illnesses. To investigate depressive symptoms, all participants were required to complete the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). Results: After controlling gender, age, marital status, educational year, employment status and physical illness, North Korean Defectors showed higher CES-D score than South Koreans(${\beta}$=0.449, p<0.001). Within North Korean Defectors, the presence of physical illnesses independently was related to higher CES-D score(${\beta}$=0.243, p<0.001). However, within South Koreans, the presence of physical illnesses did not significantly predict CES-D score. North Korean Defectors with physical illness have higher CES-D score than North Korean Defectors without physical illness($26.8{\pm}13.8$ versus $19.7{\pm}12.7$). However, there was no significant differences of CES-D score between South Koreans with physical illness and South Koreans without physical illness($10.3{\pm}9.8$ versus $9.3{\pm}8.8$). Conclusion: Compared to South Koreans, North Korean Defector showed higher depressive symptoms independently from gender, age, education, employment, marriage. In addition, only North Korean Defectors showed the relationship between depression and physical illness. Our study suggests that depression should be assessed when North Korean Defectors have physical illness.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the oral symptoms, self-rated systemic health state and oral health status of industrial workers in a bid to provide some information on oral health education geared toward industrial workers. The subjects in this study were 294 workers who got a medical checkup in Korea Industrial Health Association in North Gyeongsang Province. Those who felt less inconveniences in the oral cavity led a better quality of life related to oral health in every area except physical handicaps (p<.001, p<.01). The men's OHIP-14 was higher than the women's, and the younger workers led a better quality of life related to oral health in the area of social separation(p<.01), and the married ones did in the area of physical handicaps, mental disorder and social separation(p<.05). And the workers whose household income was larger lived a better quality of life related to oral health in the areas of Psychological discomfort, physical handicaps, mental disorder, social disorder and social separation(p<.05). Those who found themselves to be generally in good health(p<.001, p<.05) and whose subjective oral health state was led a better quality of life in every area(p<.001, p<.05). The findings of the study showed that there were differences in the quality of life according to awareness of oral symptoms, general health status and oral health state.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.435-441
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of dentifrice among preschoolers in an attempt to provide consumers with the right information on the choice of dentifrice and toothbrush for different age groups of children. The subjects in this study were parents who raised preschoolers in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. A self-administered survey was conducted over approximately three months from May to July 2007 to find out the state of their children's use of dentifrice. After the collected data were analyzed, the following findings were given: The greatest group (51.5%) needed parental help with toothbrushing. The biggest group of the patients (35.6%) considered it necessary for children at the age of 6 and 7 to brush their teeth with the help of their parents. As to dentifrice squeezing and parental outlook on that, the biggest group of the parents (49.4%) replied their children squeezed the dentifrice for themselves, and the greatest group (42.2%) thought that children needed parental help with dentifrice squeezing by the age of five. Regarding dentifrice swallowing and parental perception of it, the biggest group (61.9%) saw their children swallowing the dentifrice, and the greatest group (73.7%) believed that children must not swallow the dentifrice. The biggest group of those who found it okay for children to swallow the dentifrice (62.5%) thought that it would be no problem to swallow the dentifrice for child. Concerning the use of toothbrushes, the biggest group (96.7%) had their children use toothbrushes for child. The above-mentioned findings of the study showed that the children who are at the age of 3 or down should use non-fluoride containing dentifrice or just a small amount of fluoride that is as equal as the size of a pea. Children must brush their teeth under the guidance of their parents, and sustained education should be provided about that.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.6 s.95
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• pp.401-411
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• 2002

Precise bracket positioning is essential in modem orthodontics. However, there can be alterations in the vertical position of a bracket due to several reasons. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of variations in the vertical bracket position on the crown inclination in Korean patients with normal occlusion. From a larger group of what was considered to be normal occlusions obtained from the Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, each of the final 10 subjects (6 males and 4 females, with an average age of 22.3 yews) was selected. The dental models of each of the subjects were scanned three-dimensionally by a laser scanner, and measurements drawn from these were made on the scanned dental casts of the subjects were input into the computer program. From this the occlusal plane and the bracket plane were determined. The tooth plane was then constructed to measure the crown inclination on the bracket plane of each tooth. From a practical standpoint, information was obtained on the extent to which the torque of a tooth would be changed as the bracket position was to be moved vertically (in ${\pm}0.5mm,\;{\pm}1.0mm,\;{\pm}1.5mm$) from its ideal position. A one way analysis of the variance (ANOVA) was used to compare each group of the different vertical distances from the bracket plane on a specific tooth. Duncan's multiple comparison test was then performed. There were statistically significant differences in the crown inclination among the groups of different vertical distances for the upper central incisor, upper lateral incisor, upper canine, upper first and second molars, lower first and second premolars, and lower first and second molars (p<0.05). On the upper anterior teeth, upper molars, lower premolars and lower molars, the resultant torque values due to the vertical displacement of the bracket were different depending on the direction of the displacement, occlusal or gingival. This study implies that the torque of these teeth should be handled carefully during the orthodontic treatment. In circumstances in which the bracket must be positioned more gingivally or occlusally due to various reasons, it would be useful to provide the chart of torque alteration of each tooth referred to in this study with its specified bracket prescription.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.488-496
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• 2016

A survey of the satisfaction of school meals and food preferences was conducted with an objective to enhance the quality of food service. The study conducted a survey for 292 middle school students (152 boys and 140 girls), who were either in $1^{st}$ or $2^{nd}$ year. According to the general information, the number of $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ year students was 134 and 158, respectively. Usually, the mother (92.8%) prepared meal the most, followed in order by the grandmother (5.8%) and father (1.4%). The top priorities of choosing food were taste (82.9%), good for health (6.5%), nutritional value (4.5%), and flavor (3.1%). The satisfaction was investigated using a 5 point scale. The satisfaction of taste was rice ($3.99{\pm}0.74$), side dishes ($3.99{\pm}0.65$), soup ($3.61{\pm}0.86$), kimchi ($3.54{\pm}1.12$). The satisfaction of quantity was rice ($3.88{\pm}0.83$), soup ($3.87{\pm}0.79$), kimchi ($3.80{\pm}0.89$), and side dishes ($3.71{\pm}0.93$). The satisfaction of diversity was side dishes ($4.09{\pm}0.67$), rice ($4.01{\pm}0.77$), soup ($4.01{\pm}0.64$), kimchi ($3.84{\pm}0.86$). For food preferences, the noodle was ranked highest while vegetables showed the lowest. Overall, support will be needed to develop diverse menus for students. This study suggests the need for active nutrition education for establishing proper eating habits.